Unit 3: Healing and Future Building – The Gadaa System of Oromo Governance
Time Frame
- 1–2 class periods
Materials
- Green Card Voices – Mikyas Woldemichael’s video
- Appendix: Student Handouts
- Oromo Lesson Slides
Connections to the 7 Cs of Ethnic Studies
- Center: centering knowledge from Oromo community, elders, families, and lived experiences through the Gadaa system
- Conceptualize: visioning, futurisms, world-building, hope, healing, and collective possibilities for Oromo/Ethiopian youth
Instruction (ICCR)
Ignite
Have students Turn and Talk with a partner, answering the question below:
- What is a goal or hope that you have for the future?
Chunk 1
- Introduce “What Is the Gadaa System?” to students and review (see attachment/appendix 1).
- Have students complete the Venn Diagram graphic organizer (see attachment/appendix 2).
Chunk 2
- Have students watch Mikyas Woldemichael’s video.
Chew
- After watching the video, have students complete a short writing prompt answering the following questions:
- What were some challenges for Mikyas when he arrived in the US?
- What was a turning point for Mikyas that led him to give back to his community?
- Do you think soccer provided healing and future opportunities for Mikyas’s community?
- What stage in the Gadaa system do you think Mikyas best represented as he was giving back to his community? Why?
Review
- Have students pair-share the following questions:
- What are some responsibilities for students your age in the Gadaa system?
- How is this approach similar to or different from your own responsibilities and expectations in your own culture and family?
Multilingual and ELL Support
- Provide visuals (see slides/attachments).
- Provide graphic organizers as student handouts.
- Provide sentence stems for written work and verbal share-outs / small group discussions.
Vocabulary and Definitions
- Gadaa system: traditional political and governance system of the Oromo people
- Abba Gadaa: the elected leader of the Oromo Gadaa system
- Qondaala: the fourth stage of the Oromo Gadaa system (ages twenty-four to thirty-two), in which young adults serve as warriors and protectors of the community through rigorous training in combat, sports, and swimming
- Abba Duula: the father of war / commander in the Oromo Gadaa system
Resource List
- Dirrib Damisse, 2007 Sirna Gadaa
- The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia, 1300–1700 by Mohammed Hassen
- Partisan Discourse and Authentic History by Tabor Wami
- Liberated Ethnic Studies Model Curriculum Values and Principles (7 Cs) https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cGOs7rsY9wT2qI-yIQh5dye8snRjGYxr/view
Unit 2: Resilience and Resistance – Resilience in the Oromo Culture and Justice System
Time Frame
- 1–2 class periods
Materials
- Green Card Entrepreneur Voices– Tashitaa Tufaa’s story or video
- Appendix: Student Handouts
- Oromo Lesson Slides
Connection to the 7 Cs of Ethnic Studies
- Center: centering Oromo indigenous culture of helping each other and the Oromo knowledge system of justice and reconciliation
Instruction (ICCR)
Ignite
- Ask students the following questions. (Students can answer in English or a heritage language. They can also draw their answer, if they’d like.)
- What do you think culture means? If it helps, you can describe our classroom culture, our school culture, your family or community’s culture, our culture in America, etc.
- What do you think justice means? If it helps, you can describe what justice looks like when there is a conflict in our classroom, our school, your family, your community, or our society.
- Have students share their answers.
Chunk 1
- Give a student-friendly definition of culture and justice.
- Provide the lesson on Oromo culture below.
The Oromo Culture of Helping Each Other
- Jiga is when people come together to help each other with work. Everyone shares the effort so no one has to do it alone.
- The focus is on teamwork and shared responsibility.
- Qabo is when people quickly show up to help someone they care about who is in trouble, without needing to be asked.
- The focus is on community being there whenever it’s needed.
- Afoosha is when a group of people regularly support each other, especially during emergencies, by sharing money or resources.
- The focus is on financial and social support.
Oromo Justice and Reconciliation
- Jaarsumaa is when respected elders in the community help solve problems by listening to both sides and helping people make peace.
- The focus is on the relationship, not blame.
- Gumaa is when someone or their family takes responsibility for harm they caused, and gives something back (like support or compensation) to make things right.
- The focus is on repairing the harm, not punishing.
- Araara is a way of bringing people back together after conflict through apology, forgiveness, and community healing.
- The focus is on finding peace and healing, which is what matters most.
Chunk 2
Compare American and Oromo culture and justice.
- Show the T-chart (see attachment/appendix 1).
- Give a scenario of a conflict between two students in your school. What harm was caused? What would justice look like? How would the principal handle it?
- Expected answers would be that our schools traditionally focus on who started the fight (highlighting who is “guilty”) and a punishment system (referral, detention, suspension).
- Now, given our lesson on the Oromo justice system, how do you think this same conflict would be handled in the Oromo culture?
- Jaarsumaa: Respected elders would mediate the conflict and listen to both sides. The two students would talk it out.
- You can ask students: What questions would you ask? How would you help both sides be heard and understood?
- Gumaa: Harm would be repaired through positive action (providing support, taking responsibility, restoring balance).
- You can ask students: What support would be needed for both students? How can their relationship be restored going back in the classroom? How can each person take responsibility for the conflict that feels productive for all?
- Araara: The conflict settled, the community would come back together.
- You can ask: What would peace look like afterward for the two in conflict? How would students in the class feel when the two students return after mediation?
- Jaarsumaa: Respected elders would mediate the conflict and listen to both sides. The two students would talk it out.
Chew
- Watch or read Tashitaa Tufaa’s story or video. If reading, highlight/annotate the parts where you can find the answers to the Turn and Talk prompts.
- Turn and Talk, sharing with a partner:
- What Oromo culture did Tashitaa mention?
- What disagreements or conflicts did he mention?
- How did he use his Oromo cultural upbringing to persevere when he was learning English, working multiple jobs, and starting his own business?
- At the end of partner sharing, share with the students: Tashitaa’s story connects to this topic because he is an Oromo immigrant who has lived in Minnesota since 1992. He is a hardworking and community-oriented person who supports his community financially and socially. As an educated entrepreneur, he demonstrates strong commitment to his cultural values, especially the Oromo tradition of helping one another. Helping each other is a core part of Oromo culture, and Tashitaa lives out this value in his daily life. Oromo people value their culture by practicing it through tradition, respect, and community cooperation, just as Tashitaa does.
- In small groups or with a partner, have students take on one of these topics to design what justice could have looked like for Tashitaa. If the Oromo justice system had been used, how would Tashitaa’s experience have been different? Refer to the handout “Why Is Oromo Culture Important?” (attachment/appendix 2) and the prompts below.
- Students can craft their response on paper or digitally, being creative as they visually show how Tashitaa’s experience would be different.
Topic options (choose one) and prompts:
- Topic 1: Disagreeing with the government
-
- What disagreement or harm was taking place?
- What could Jarsuumaa (talking it out) and Gumaa (restoring relationship) have looked like?
- What could Araara (peace) have looked like?
- Topic 2: Learning the English language
-
- What barriers did Tashitaa face?
- How could people and the community have helped him learn English?
- What could Jiga, Qabo, and Afoosha have looked like for Tashitaa in this circumstance?
- Topic 3: Integrating into a new community
-
- How could the community have helped Tashitaa address job and housing access?
- What support systems could have better helped Tashitaa in his transition?
- What could Jiga, Qabo, and Afoosha have looked like for Tashitaa in this situation?
Review
- Have students pair-share the following questions:
- What does justice mean to me now? How could we use aspects of Oromo culture and justice systems in our classrooms, schools, and society?
- How do my family or my cultural community handle justice and help one another? Is it the same or different from the Oromo culture?
Multilingual and ELL Support
- Provide visuals (see slides/attachments).
- Provide sentence stems for written work and verbal share-outs / small group discussions.
- Provide the chunked parts in the reading ahead of time so students don’t have to find it.
Vocabulary and Definitions
- Culture: A reflection of how people live and exist as a community or nation. Culture includes many parts of life, such as politics (how people are governed), religion (belief systems), traditions (customs and practices), and the economy (how people work and support themselves).
- Resilience: The ability to keep going and not give up when things get hard.
- Guuza/Jiga (JEE-guh): When people come together to help each other with work. Everyone shares the effort, so no one has to do it alone. The focus is on teamwork and shared responsibility.
- Qabo (KAH-boh): When people quickly show up to help someone they care about who is in trouble, without needing to be asked. The focus is on the community being there whenever you need it.
- Afoosha (ah-FOO-shah) When a group of people regularly support each other, especially during emergencies, by sharing money or resources. The focus is on financial and social support.
- Jaarsumaa (jar-SOOM-mah): When respected elders in the community help solve problems by listening to both sides and helping people make peace. The focus is on the relationship, not blame.
- Gumaa (GOO-mah): When someone or their family takes responsibility for harm they caused and give something back (like support or compensation) to make things right. The focus is on repairing the harm, not punishment.
- Araara (ah-RAH-rah): A way of bringing people back together after conflict through apology, forgiveness, and community healing. The focus is on finding peace and healing, which is what matters most.
Resource List
- More about Oromo conflict
- Human Rights in Ethiopia: Through the Eyes of the Oromo Diaspora www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/Res/oromo_report_2009_color_2%202.pdf
- “Ethiopia” (Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect) www.globalr2p.org/countries/ethiopia
- More about the Gadaa system in Ethiopia
- “Building peace by peaceful approach. The Role of Oromo Gadaa system in peace-building” https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2021.2023254
- Liberated Ethnic Studies Model Curriculum Values and Principles (7 Cs) https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cGOs7rsY9wT2qI-yIQh5dye8snRjGYxr/view
Unidad 3: Sanar y Construir un Futuro – Sanar y Construir un Futuro a Través de la Comunidad
Periodo de tiempo
- 1-3 períodos de clase
Materiales
- Poema: “Quizás el mundo termina aquí” de Joy Harjo
- Chromebooks
- Diapositivas
- Cuadernos
- Green Card Voices: Historias de inmigración de una escuela secundaria de Minneapolis –Ángel Santos historia
- Resaltador
- Pluma/Lápiz
- Papel para dibujar
- Marcadores
Conexiones con las 7 C’s de los estudios étnicos
- Cultivar: empatía, realización comunitaria, perpetuidad cultural, autoestima, autodeterminación y el bienestar holístico de todos los participantes, especialmente los pueblos indígenas y las personas de color.
- Conceptualizar: imaginar y construir nuevas posibilidades para la vida posimperial que promuevan narrativas colectivas de resistencia transformativa, la esperanza crítica y la sanación radical.
Instrucciones
Día 1 – Encender: Introducción/Inicio (diapositiva 1)
Bienvenida, agenda, anuncios, objetivo de aprendizaje
Fragmentar: La comunidad como fuente para sanar y construir el futur
Actividad de calentamiento
Leer juntos en la clase: “Quizás el mundo termina aquí” de Joy Harjo (fuente)
Preguntas para la actividad “Conversar en parejas” después de leer:
- Alrededor de la mesa se reúnen personas, no solo una. Alrededor de la mesa, la gente puede ser hostil pero también alegre. ¿Por qué es necesaria la comunidad a pesar de los altibajos?
- ¿Qué es necesario para que la gente se reúna “alrededor de la mesa”?
Salud mental –La lección de hoy trata sobre la aplicación de las leyes de inmigración, las relaciones familiares, la seguridad comunitaria, sanar y las experiencias de miedo e incertidumbre. Algunos estudiantes pueden identificarse con estas experiencias de varias maneras, personalmente o intergeneracionalmente. Cuídense y participen de la forma que les resulte más cómoda y les brinde apoyo.
Fragmento
Comunidad vs. individualismo
Actividad: Muévase hacia un lado si…
- En un lado del aula, escribe en papel o en una pizarra: “Puedo hacer/resolver esto por mi cuenta”.
- Al otro lado del aula: “Esto se puede hacer/resolver con un grupo de personas”.
Lea a los estudiantes los diferentes escenarios y pídales que se pongan al lado con el que estén de acuerdo.
- “Te cuesta entender tus deberes.”
- “Ves mucha basura en la calle cerca de tu casa.”
- “Tu ciudad queda destruida por un desastre natural como un tornado o una inundación.”
- “Las reservas de alimentos de su comunidad se están agotando.”
- “El parque de tu barrio ha sido vandalizado.”
¿Todas las situaciones de tu vida deben ser manejadas por ti solo? ¿Cuándo es útil involucrar a otros
- En muchos sentidos, el trabajo comunitario o colectivo es más fácil y mejor para nosotros a nivel mental, emocional y físico.
Diapositiva 3: “Muchos países de Centroamérica y Sudamérica dependen de la comunidad para salir adelante. ¡Es muy común que los hogares sean multigeneracionales y honren a quienes nos precedieron!”
Las comunidades y la inmigración como una manera de construir un futuro (diapositiva 4)
- Una de varias razones para emigrar es el sueño de una vida mejor. (Salto de texto, nuevo párrafo/línea). ¿Qué sucede si ese sueño es amenazado? ¿Qué se puede hacer?
- Pida a los estudiantes que compartan sus ideas en voz alta; elija a 3 personas.
- Evite presionar a los estudiantes para que revelen o sientan la necesidad de atender a los temas personales.
- Prioriza la seguridad emocional
- Mantenga en cuenta que quizás los estudiantes no estén preparados para aprender, hablar o participar sobre el tema de Metro Surge, ya que podría resultarles perturbador.
- Pida a los estudiantes que compartan sus ideas en voz alta; elija a 3 personas.
Diapositiva 5: Minitarea durante la lección
- Anima a que los estudiantes lean o escuchen una historia sobre este artículo de MPR de los inmigrantes durante Metro Surge, la ocupación federal de agentes del DHS en Minneapolis.
- Los estudiantes responden en sus cuadernos:
- ¿Por qué (incluye el nombre de la persona cuya historia escuchó) se mudó a los Estados Unidos?
- ¿Cuál fue su experiencia en los Estados Unidos durante este período del Metro Surge?
- ¿De qué manera DHS y ICE amenazaron sus derechos a la “vida, la libertad y la búsqueda de la felicidad”, tal como se promete en la Declaración de Independencia?
Pida a los estudiantes que compartan sus ideas en voz alta; elija a 3 personas.
Amenazas para nuestro futuro: Minneapolis durante Metro Surge (diapositiva 6)
- Minneapolis se unió: los manifestantes (fuente)
Diapositiva 7: Minneapolis se unió: los organizadores
Diapositiva 8: Minneapolis se unió: los observadores del ICE
Diapositiva 9: La comunidad como una manera de proteger el futuro
- La manera en que los habitantes de Minnesota se unieron para ayudar a sus vecinos demuestra que la gente está dispuesta a unirse para creer en un futuro juntos, sin importar su origen.
- Finalmente, quienes lideraban estos movimientos muchas veces eran mujeres, madres y personas LGBTQ+ que organizaban colectas de ayuda mutua para cubrir gastos como el alquiler, la comida, el transporte y otras necesidades.
- En muchas culturas latinoamericanas, son las mujeres quienes se ocupan de sus familias y sacrifican gran parte de su vida social y emocional por sus familias.
Hope – Esperanza (diapositiva 10)
“ Hope” significa esperanza en español.
- Mira un vídeo sobre cómo decirlo: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIFVG-PNK9o
- La esperanza suele considerarse un valor cultural, ya que muchos latinos en Estados Unidos tienen una conexión con la inmigración latinoamericana o el desplazamiento de tierras indígenas.
- Por eso es importante conocer las historias sobre el origen familiar que se transmiten a través de la cultura, las tradiciones, el arte y más.
- Pregunta para los estudiantes: ¿Hay una manera de honrar los momentos difíciles? ¿Es mejor hacerlo a solas o en comunidad?
- Profundizar más (sugerido) y considere hablar sobre las tradiciones de la comunidad afro-latino, los enfoques indígenas del cuidado colectivo y el reconocimiento de las diferencias en las prácticas de sanar prácticas comunitarias a través de este enlace:
Día 2
Masticar: Instrucciones para el tiempo de trabajar en clase
Actividad
- Elige un compañero.
- Lee la historia de Ángel Santos (imprímala).
- Anota la historia de Ángel.
- Rodea con un círculo las palabras que no conozcas.
- Resalte las secciones donde Ángel comparte su relación con su familia.
- Subraya las secciones donde Ángel describe la aceptación (de los demás o de sí mismo).
- Marca con una estrella las secciones que muestran sueños para el futuro.
Diapositiva 11: ¡Añade un par a tu pareja!
- Compartan sus anotaciones y comenten juntos en las preguntas de reflexión.
- Preguntas para la discusión en pareja (grabar o caminar por el aula )
- Elige una anotación que te haya llamado la atención: ¿por qué te impactó?
- ¿Qué o quién ayudó a Ángel cuando se mudó a los Estados Unidos?
- ¿Por qué le resultó difícil a Ángel mudarse a los Estados Unidos?
- ¿Quién ayudó a Ángel a superar sus momentos difíciles?
- Ángel menciona sus relaciones familiares complicadas. ¿Por qué son importantes las relaciones, a pesar de ser complicadas? ¿Cómo impactaron la vida de Ángel?
- ¿De qué maneras Ángel demuestra sanar?
- ¿Cómo se protegen las comunidades unas a otras?
- ¿Qué significa para Ángel pertenecer? ¿Y para ti?
Día 3 – Actividad “Invitar a otros a nuestra mesa” (diapositiva 12)
Esta actividad puede requerir que este día sea de planificación y otro para la ejecución.
- Piensa en el poema que leímos al principio de la clase. Ahora, piensa en qué invitados tendrías en tu mesa.
- Los estudiantes deben planear algo que permita centrar la atención en la comunidad y la alegría (esto se parece a una actividad + diálogo) → “integrar la alegría en una actividad mientras se participa en un diálogo a través de preguntas diseñadas para despertar sentimientos de pertenecer e inspiración”.
- Los alumnos se instalarán en una mesa en un área común durante la hora programada, listos con su actividad y diálogo. Se anima a los profesores a invitar al personal y a sus clases a venir a interactuar con los alumnos en sus mesas.
- Cada mesa debe mostrar:
- Invitación e inclusión: ¿su mesa está abierta a todos?
- Apoyar a la comunidad: ¿estás creando comunidad y te sientes parte de ella?
- Construir un futuro: ¿cómo inspira tu mesa a otros a crear un futuro para todos?
Ejemplos:
- Juntar imágenes que inspiran buena salud mental, mientras hablan de recursos de la salud mental o sugerencias que fomentan la introspección de la vulnerabilidad.
- Escribe en tu diario y comparte con tu compañero de mesa lo que sientas cómodo compartiendo.
- Compartir una comida y proponer temas que animan a la conversación.
- Interpretando preguntas que animan a la conversación entre ellos.
- Jugar al ajedrez o a las cartas: hablar de la competencia amistosa y de lo que significa perder
- ¡Inspírate del poema! + ¡Muchísimos más!
Revisar: Discusión en grupo grande (tanto para el día de planificación como el de ejecución)
- ¿Cómo representa tu mesa un futuro que deseas?
- ¿Cómo es construir para ese futuro?
Apoyo multilingüe para los estudiantes de inglés (ELL, por sus siglas en inglés)
- Proporcionar frases en inglés para ayudar a los estudiantes a participar en las discusiones con toda la clase y en grupos pequeños.
- Activar los subtítulos en los vídeos (en inglés y/o en el idioma materno).
- Permitir que los estudiantes reflexionen sobre sus respuestas escribiendo primero en su lengua materna, antes de que el profesor haga las preguntas durante la clase (fragmentos), y mientras comparten anotaciones y preguntas de reflexión con un compañero.
- Permitir que los estudiantes lean la historia de Ángel en su idioma materno.
- Permitir que los estudiantes hagan anotaciones en su idioma materno.
Vocabulario y Definiciones
- Comunidad: Un sentimiento de pertenecer dentro de un grupo debido a intereses, actitudes o metas compartidas.
- Colectivo: Personas o entidades que se unen voluntariamente con un propósito común
- Individualismo: Una perspectiva que pone atención a la independencia y la libertad de acción de los individuos por encima de los intereses colectivos.
- Construir el futuro: Una perspectiva que mira hacia un futuro sostenible y resiliente y que centra el bienestar de la comunidad colectiva.
Lista de Recursos
- Coco clip www.youtube.com/watch?v=0TYbf1pw1g8
- Encanto clip www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yp5nPGWWMh4
- “Quizás el mundo termina aquí” https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/49622/perhaps-the-world-ends-here
- “Minnesota demostró que MAGA estaba equivocado” www.theatlantic.com/ideas/2026/01/the-neighbors-defending-minnesota-from-ice/685769
- Valores y principios del modelo currículo de los estudios étnicos liberados (7 C’s) https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cGOs7rsY9wT2qI-yIQh5dye8snRjGYxr/view
Unidad 1: Identidad y Lenguaje – La Identidad por Medio de las Historias
Periodo de tiempo
- 1-2 períodos de clase
Materiales
- Chromebooks
- Diapositivas
- Green Card Youth Voices:: Historias de inmigración de una escuela secundaria de Minneapolis– historia y video de Alexandra Irrazábal
- Resaltadores
- Pluma/Lápices
- Carteles/ Notas adhesivas para la pared
- Marcadores
Conexiones a las 7 C’s de los estudios étnicos
- Celebrar: y honrar a los pueblos indígenas de la tierra y a las comunidades de color proporcionar un espacio para compartir sus historias de lucha y resistencia, junto con su riqueza intelectual y cultural.
- Centrado: y poner gran valor en lo precolonial, lo ancestral, lo indígena, lo diaspórico, lo familiar y en el conocimiento marginado.
Instrucción
Día 1 – Encender: Introducción/Calentamiento
Encender: Introducción/Inicio (Diapositiva 1)
Pregunta de calentamiento: ¿Cuándo fue la última vez que te contaron un cuento?
¿De qué se trataba el cuento?
- Escribe en un cuaderno (2-3 minutos)
- Habla con un compañero de clase y comparte su experiencia (2-4 minutos)
- Compártelo con la clase; elige a unos estudiantes para compartir (2-3 minutos)
Fragmentar: Entendiendo las historias
Las historias como un sentido de sí mismo y del mundo que nos rodea (diapositiva 2)
- “Conocer el pasado es conocer el presente. Conocer el presente es conocerse a uno mismo.” —Jason Reynolds + Ibram X. Kendi (Sellado)
- Aviso/descargo de responsabilidad sobre salud mental: La lección de hoy trata de migración, dificultades, identidad y las experiencias de comunidades no dominantes. Algunos estudiantes pueden identificarse con estas experiencias de diferentes maneras. Por favor, cuídese y participe en la forma que le resulte más cómoda.
Vocabulario + ejemplos de historias (diapositiva 3)
Vocabulario: Narración oral
- ¿Cuál es tu definición de narración oral? ¡Escribe lo que crees que significa la frase! (Dos minutos para pensar y escribir).
a. ¿Coincide tu definición con la que está en la pizarra? (Pide a algunos alumnos que lean la definición y luego a otros que la compartan). - Definición: la recopilación y el estudio de información histórica por medio de grabaciones de entrevistas con personas que tienen conocimiento personal de eventos en el pasado.
- Vamos a crear una definición juntos. (Busquen puntos en común entre las definiciones y formen una definición en clase; úsela para sus apuntes, si los toman).
Manteniendo vivas las historias y el lenguaje: Dichos y corridos (diapositiva 4)
Los dichos han sido utilizados en las comunidades mexicanas y latinas durante siglos.
- Proporcionan una forma de expresión o consejo para todo tipo de situaciones.
- Ejemplo: “El que se lo guarda para al rato, se lo come el gato.” → se traduce a: “Si lo guardas para más tarde, no hay garantía de que esté allí.”
- Pida a los alumnos que digan en voz alta “dichos” que usan en sus familias (que no aparecen en la diapositiva).
- Haga una lista de todos los dichos/refranes → ¿Qué “temas” observas o qué tipo de consejos comparten? ¿Podríamos agruparlos según esos temas o tipos de consejos?
Diapositiva 5: con evidencia de estudio (pida al estudiante que lea en voz alta)
- El intercambio de historias, dichos y consejos es una experiencia común entre las familias mexicanas y las familias mexicanas que son inmigrantes en Estados Unidos. Además de ser una oportunidad para disfrutar y entretenerse, la narración de historias familiares y cuentos populares fortalece los lazos familiares, comparte valores culturales y contribuye a la construcción de la identidad. El intercambio de relatos, especialmente aquellos sobre la pobreza y la lucha, se asocia con la resiliencia y el empoderamiento, y sirve de apoyo a los padres en sus interacciones con la escuela y en la abogacía de los derechos de sus hijos (Delgado-Gaitan, 2005).
Diapositiva 6: Definición de corridos
- Una balada al estilo tradicional mexicano, cuyas letras suelen narrar un evento histórico.
- Diapositiva 7: Los corridos se han utilizado desde la Revolución Mexicana y han recuperado popularidad durante la colonización de lo que es ahora la frontera entre México y Estados Unidos y de otros territorios del sur de los Estados Unidos.
- Los corridos eran en su mayoría un género dominado por los hombres, pero desde entonces las mujeres han creado sus propios subgéneros, como los corridos coquetos.
- Escucha o añade a tu lista las canciones “300 Noches” o “Cactus” de la artista Belinda, o “X Ti” de Eydrey (ambas cantantes hablan sobre las perspectivas de las mujeres en las relaciones personales, el género y temas feministas).
a. Anota lo que observa del ritmo, la melodía e incluso el tono bajo del sonido. Piensa en lo que se percibe como “femenino”. Luego, compáralo con los corridos “tradicionales” hechos por los hombres.
Diapositiva 8: Corridos populares de antes y de ahora
- La leyenda y la vida de Gregorio Cortés, quien luchó valientemente contra los Texas Rangers estadounidenses por la independencia de México y del pueblo mexicano.
- Diapositiva 9: “La Jaula de Oro” por Los Tigres del Norte
- Explica que el sueño “americano” no es lo que parece, y que uno termina sintiéndose cada vez más aislado de su cultura y de su gente mientras vive en los Estados Unidos.
- Pregunta para los estudiantes: ¿Qué tienen en común estos corridos con la música de las artistas femeninas? ¿En qué son diferentes? ¿Por qué es importante tener todo tipo de narradores para contar historias a través de la música, como en los corridos?
Actividad rápida para los alumnos: Pídales que encuentren una canción que cuente una historia sobre un grupo de personas.
Instrucciones (diapositiva 10):
a. Abren sus Chromebooks.
b. Encuentra una canción contemporánea popular que cuente una historia sobre un grupo de personas o que narre una historia del pasado (añade un cronómetro de seis minutos).
Revisar: “Conocer el pasado es conocer el presente. Conocer el presente es conocerse a uno mismo.” (diapositiva 11)
- “Los países latinoamericanos han contado sus historias por siglos a través de los dichos, consejos, corridos y más.
- A veces estas historias nos muestran dificultades, pero también pueden mostrarnos resiliencia.
- Como dice un dicho: “No hay mal que por bien no venga” → De lo malo/duro/difícil siempre puede salir algo bueno”.
Día 2 – Reflexiones: ¿Cómo pueden las historias enseñarnos sobre nosotros mismos y el mundo que nos rodea? (diapositiva 12)
Tiempo de trabajar en la clase: instrucciones para los estudiantes
- Lee y anota por tu cuenta la historia de Alexandra Irrazabal en GCV.
- Rodea con un círculo las palabras que no conozcas.
- Subraya las frases que describen quién es Alexandra: qué le gusta, cuáles son sus cosas favoritas.
- Subraya palabras o frases que describen el mundo que rodea a Alexandra.
Galería de carteles: Instrucciones
- Escribe una de las siguientes preguntas en cada cartel.
- Grupos de tres a seis estudiantes dedican 5 minutos a cada cartel.
- Pueden añadir comentarios a las ideas de otros, hacer preguntas sobre las ideas de otros, añadir su propia respuesta a la pregunta, etc.
- Cuando la rotación está completa, los grupos de estudiantes presentan su cartel y comparten lo que han escrito.
Preguntas de la Galería
- ¿Por qué es importante compartir historias de experiencias?
- ¿Qué tienen en común todas las historias que escuchamos o leemos hoy?
- ¿Cómo influyen las historias en nuestra forma de pensar?
- ¿Por qué es importante destacar las historias de las comunidades que no son dominantes?
- ¿Por qué es importante reconocer las diferentes formas de narración?
- ¿Qué aprendemos de los cuentos?
Revisar (Actividad de cierre)
- ¿Cómo la lección de hoy te ayudó a comprender mejor la narración de historias?
- Si pudieras contar una historia sobre tu comunidad, ¿cuál sería?
Apoyo multilingüe para los estudiantes de inglés (ELL, por sus siglas en inglés).
- Permita que los estudiantes lean la historia de Alexandra en su idioma materno
- Permita que los estudiantes hagan anotaciones en su idioma materno
- Los grupos pueden ser por lengua materna o por idiomas mixtos.
- Proporcione frases modelo en inglés para ayudar a los estudiantes a participar en la conversación durante la actividad de la galería de carteles.
- Permita tiempo para que los estudiantes puedan pensar acerca de sus respuestas; primero, escriban en su lengua materna antes de reunirse en grupo.
Vocabulario y definiciones
- Narración oral: La práctica de transmitir la historia, los valores y las tradiciones por medio de las palabras habladas y la actuación, en lugar de por escrito.
- Dichos: Dichos o proverbios cortos y populares de las culturas hispanohablantes que ofrecen sabiduría popular o lecciones de vida.
- Corridos: Canciones tradicionales mexicanas, narrativas o baladas, que cuentan historias del pasado, problemas sociales o las vidas de héroes cotidianos.
- Consejos: Información útil o sabiduría cultural compartida por los ancianos para guiar a las generaciones más jóvenes a tomar buenas decisiones.
- Narrativas: Las historias o relatos específicos de eventos que ayudan a las personas a explicar sus experiencias y cómo ven el mundo.
- Comunidades no dominantes: grupos de personas que históricamente han tenido menos poder social, político o económico en comparación con el grupo más grande o más influyente de una sociedad.
Lista de Recursos
- “Dichos, Pepitas de Sabiduría” www.texasstandard.org/stories/dichos-nuggets-of-wisdom
- “Dichos y Refranes: Un dicho para cada ocasión” www.mexperience.com/un-dicho-para-cada-ocasión
- “25 refranes mexicanos que necesitas en tu vida” www.poliglota.org/post/refranes-mexicanos
- “La narración de cuentos en los hogares mexicanos: conexiones entre las prácticas orales y la alfabetización” https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3614910
- “El Corrido: Una balada cultural de la experiencia mexicoamericana” www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/corridos
- “Américo Paredes, un héroe mexicano-americano” www.marfapublicradio.org/podcast/rambling-boy/2013-04-29/americo-paredes-a-mexican-american-hero
- “La Jaula de Oro” -Los Tigres del Norte www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jeBzqS_6WE
- “Narración de cuentos y tradiciones culturales” https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/storytelling-and-cultural-traditions
- “Dichos/Refranes” https://usldhrecovery.uh.edu/exhibits/show/the-ramona-gonzalez-papers/dichos
- “Corridos: Historias contadas por medio de las canciones” https://www.nps.gov/articles/corridos-stories-told-through-song.htm
- Definición de diccionario: “narrativa” https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/narrative
- Valores y principios del modelo currículo de Estudios étnicos liberados (7 C’s) https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cGOs7rsY9wT2qI-yIQh5dye8snRjGYxr/view
Unit 2 Resistance and Resilience – Art as Tool of Resistance
Time Frame
- 1–2 class periods
Materials
- Green Card Entrepreneur Voices – Dario Meija’s story
- Highlighters
- Pens/Pencils
- Slides
Connections to the 7 Cs of Ethnic Studies
- Challenge: imperialist/colonial hegemonic beliefs and practices on ideological, institutional, interpersonal, and internalized levels
- Critique: empire, white supremacy, anti-Blackness, anti-Indigeneity, racism, xenophobia, patriarchy, cisheteropatriarchy, capitalism, ableism, anthropocentrism, and other forms of power and oppression at the intersections of our society
Instructions (ICCR)
Day 1- Ignite: Intro/Warm-Up
Welcome, agenda, announcements, learning target (slide 1)
a. Warm-up Q: When was a time you overcame a fear or hardship?
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- Turn to a neighbor + share (2-4 minutes)
- Share out to the class; pick a few students to share (2-3 minutes)
b. Mental health: Today’s lesson discusses racism and experiences of exclusion within Latine communities. Some may personally connect to these experiences in different ways. Please take care of yourself; participate in ways that feel comfortable and respectful.
Chunk: Resistance and Resilience—Latinos Are NOT a Monolith
c. Vocabulary (slide 2)
i. Vocabulary: Monolithic Thinking
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- “the tendency to view cultures, experiences, and people from a single perspective”
- Oftentimes, people believe that all Latino/a/x people have the same culture, experiences, traditions or beliefs. But from country to country, and even within countries, Latino/a/x people are so different!
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ii. Vocabulary: Colorism
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- “prejudice or discrimination against individuals with a dark skin tone, typically among people of the same ethnic or racial group”
- Colorism is a form of racism, but many people don’t even recognize it as a phenomenon. Many Latin American countries suffer from it.
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d. Example: Latino/a/x are not a cultural monolithic group, even within one country!
i. Slide 3: Afro-Latinos: people with descendants from Africa
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- Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XmfL62xozI
- As students watch, have them think/answer: Explain how colorism has led to stereotypes and prejudice in Black Mexicans’ experience in Mexico.
- Pick two people to share with the class.
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ii. Slide 4: Indigenous people: native peoples to the land prior to European colonization
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- Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQ9Uwq5kXY8
- As students watch, have them think/answer: How does colorism impact the experience of indigenous peoples in Mexico?
- Pick two people to share with the class.
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iii. Puerto Rico is technically a US territory, but its rich cultural history makes it distinct from the rest of the United States. It also was impacted by colonization and slavery, leading to the erasure of many Taino people, those indigenous to the island.
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- Ask students: Let’s make a list of things you think of when you think of Puerto Rico. (Have students shout out their answers and write a list on the board; Bad Bunny is likely to appear on this list.)
- There may be lots of buzz around these ideas, but for many years, Puerto Rico has wanted to establish independence from the US—all the way back to the early 1900s.
- Today, even stars like Bad Bunny are calling attention to the ongoing issues that Puerto Rico faces, like environmental disasters due to climate change, the lasting effects of colonization and slavery, and the economic/social inequalities people face there, despite being a part of the “exceptional” US.
a. Play Bad Bunny’s “El Apagon – Aqui Vive Gente.” (Disclaimer: It does have swearing in Spanish, and maybe some explicit dancing. Watch to see what scenes are most appropriate for students prior to showing it.)
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iv. Slide 5: Art as a form of resistance and resilience
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- Places all around Latin America have resistance movements against colonization, imperialism, environmentalism, and more—many of these movements having solidarity with one another!
a. Ask students: How did Bad Bunny use art to call attention to what happens in Puerto Rico? (This could be your exit ticket, after which you continue with the next part tomorrow.) - Dance, music, attire, culinary arts, and more!
- “Notice how many of these experiences of resistance and resilience come from Black/African or Indigenous cultures.”
- Student work: Take a moment to look up a community concern in a Latin American country.
a. Write the concern.
b. Write about a group working to address concern.
c. Question: How are they using art or another form of emotional expression to further their movement?
- Places all around Latin America have resistance movements against colonization, imperialism, environmentalism, and more—many of these movements having solidarity with one another!
v. Recap: Latino/a/x are not a monolithic group, even within one country! (slide 6)
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- Even within Mexico, people come from all sorts of different racial and even cultural backgrounds. (Break text, new paragraph/line.) Now imagine we expand this map by thousands of more miles! (Insert map of Central and South America, including islands in Caribbean.)
Day 2 – Chew: Resistance and Resilience in our identities and intersectionality (slide 6)
e. Class work time instructions
- “So what happens when you have many identities—what do we do to honor all of them?”
f. Slide 7: Part 1: Pick a Partner
i. Read the story of Dario Meija (have them printed).
ii. Annotate Dario’s story.
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- Circle words you do not know.
- Highlight sections where Dario shares parts of his story that were hard/difficult for either him or his family.
- Underline sections where Dario shares parts of his story that honor his identities or bring him joy.
- Star sections that demonstrate identities (gender, culture, language, race, etc.).
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g. Slide 8: Part 2: World café
i. Assign five students to “host” at five table groups; pairs are split and asked to go to a table, then go to a new table every 7-9 minutes.
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- Table one question: What annotation stuck out to you—why did it impact you?
- Table two question: What are some ways Dario finds joy in his Ecuadorian identity?
- Table three question: How does Dario’s cultural and racial identity impact his work?
- Table four question: Why does Dario share his story?
- Table five question: In what ways does Dario demonstrate resilience?
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Review: Large Group Whipshare Discussion (or can expand it, if time allows) (slide 9)
h. What can resistance and resilience look like? (Use context from any material today or the conversations had during the world café activity.)
Multilingual and ELL Supports
- Provide English sentence stems to help students contribute to the conversation about colorism, stereotypes, and prejudices.
- Enable captions on video (in English and/or home language).
- Allow students to think about their answers by writing them in their home language first prior to teacher questions during the lesson (chunk), and while sharing annotations and reflection questions with a partner.
- Allow students to read Dario’s story in their home language.
- Allow students to annotate in their home language.
Vocabulary and Definitions
- Cultural monolith: a culture that follows a single perspective, experience, or person
- Colorism: preferential treatment of people of the same race based on the lightness of their skin tone
- Stereotype: a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing
- Prejudice: an unfair/unreasonable opinion, attitude, or emotion toward a person or group that is not based on reason, fact, or actual experience
- Discrimination: unfair or unequal treatment of people based on personal identities like race, gender, sexuality, religion, age, ability, class, and more
- Racism: a form of discrimination against someone’s race through the acceptance of negative stereotypes and emotion; can lead to violence
- Resistance: defining oneself against or challenging dominant structures within society
- Resilience: the ability of people or communities to adapt, withstand, or recover from difficult situations; best practiced when it is done in community or collectively rather than individually
Resource List
- Contextual resources for further learning on topics of colonization in Latin America https://latino.si.edu/learn/latino-history-and-culture/latino-history/early-latino-history, https://timemaps.com/civilizations/latin-america-the-colonial-era
- Contextual resources for further learning on the Spanish Caste system www.indigenousmexico.org/articles/understanding-the-mexican-casta-system-a-historical-and-cultural-perspective
- Contextual resources for further learning on anti-Blackness in Latin America https://bookshop.org/p/books/racial-innocence-unmasking-latino-anti-black-bias-and-the-struggle-for-equality-tanya-kater-hern-ndez/8232518903b7c4be?ean=9780807020135&next=t&, https://www.abfe.org/blog/confronting-colorism-and-anti-blackness-latinx-community
- Contextual resources for indigenous erasure in Latin America www.oah.org/process/arena-indigenous-caribbean www.researchgate.net/publication/393269447_Latin_American_Mestizaje_A_Tool_to_Erase_the_Indigenous
- “Diversity Matters: Dismantling Monolithic Thinking to Create an Inclusive Work Environment” www.culture-principles.com/diversity-matters-dismantling-monolithic-thinking-to-create-an-inclusive-work-environment
- “Resistencia Afroamericana: La Historia de Yanga” www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIqLzOtzFp4
- Further learning for capoeira, a Brazilian martial art/dance form www.upr.org/arts-and-culture/2016-08-30/roots-of-brazil-the-martial-art-form-capoeira-is-preserving-history-and-tradition
- Further learning for mole https://laroussecocina.mx/palabra/mole
- www.gob.mx/inpi/articulos/conoce-la-maravillosa-historia-del-mole
- “Colombia: Top Local Music That Reflects the South American Country’s Culture and Tradition” www.latinpost.com/articles/154478/20220315/colombia-top-local-music-reflects-south-american-culture-tradition.htm
- “‘If You Is White, You’s Alright. . . .’ Stories About Colorism in America” https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1547&context=law_globalstudies
- Dictionary definition, “racism, bias, and discrimination” www.apa.org/topics/racism-bias-discrimination
- Liberated Ethnic Studies Model Curriculum Values and Principles (7 Cs) https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cGOs7rsY9wT2qI-yIQh5dye8snRjGYxr/view
Unit 1: Identity and Language – Identity Through Stories
Time Frame
- 1–2 class periods
Materials
- Chromebooks
- Slides
- Green Card Youth Voices: Immigration Stories from a Minneapolis High School – Alexandra Irrazabal’s story and video
- Highlighters
- Pen/Pencils
- Posters / Wall Sticky Notes
- Markers
Connections to the 7 Cs of Ethnic Studies
- Celebrate: and honor Native People/s of the land and Communities of Color by providing a space to share their stories of struggle and resistance, along with their intellectual and cultural wealth
- Center: and place high value on pre-colonial, ancestral, indigenous, diasporic, familial, and marginalized knowledge
Instruction (ICCR)
Day 1 – Ignite: Intro/Warm-Up
Welcome, agenda, announcements, learning target (slide 1)
a. Warm-Up Question: When was the last time you were told a story? What was the story about?
i. Turn to a neighbor and share (2-4 minutes)
ii. Share out to the class; pick a few students to share (2-3 minutes)
Chunk: Understanding Stories
b. Stories as a sense of self + the world around us (slide 2)
i. “To know the past is to know the present. To know the present is to know yourself.” —Jason Reynolds + Ibram X. Kendi (Stamped)
ii. Mental health disclaimer/advisory: “Today’s lesson discusses migration, hardship, identity and experiences from non-dominant communities. Some students may personally connect to these experiences in different ways. Please take care of yourself; participate in ways that feel comfortable.”
c. Vocabulary + examples of stories (slide 3)
i. Vocabulary: Oral Storytelling
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- What is your definition of oral storytelling? Write down what you think the phrase means! (Give students two minutes to think and write.)
a. Does your definition match up with the definition on the board? (Call on some students to read the definition and then others to share.) - Definition: the collection and study of historical information using sound recordings of interviews with people having personal knowledge of past events
- Let’s make a definition together. (Find commonalities within the definitions and come up with a definition as a class; use that for their notes, if taking.)
- What is your definition of oral storytelling? Write down what you think the phrase means! (Give students two minutes to think and write.)
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d. Keeping stories and language alive: Dichos y corridos (slide 4)
i. Dichos have been used in Mexican and Latino communities for centuries.
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- They provide a form of expression or advice for all kinds of situations
- Example: “El que se lo guarda para alrato, se lo come el gato.” → translates to: “If you save it for later, there’s no guarantee it’ll be there.”
- Ask students to shout out “sayings” used in their families (not on slide).
- Make a list of all the dichos/sayings → What “themes” do you notice, or what kind of advice do they share? Could we group them into those themes or types of advice?
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ii. Slide 5: w/ evidence of study (ask student to read aloud for class)
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- The sharing of stories and narratives, dichos (sayings) and consejos (advice) is a prominent experience among families in Mexico as well as among immigrant Mexican families in the United States. An opportunity for entertainment and enjoyment, the retelling of family stories and folktales also serves to build family bonds, share cultural values, and construct identity. The sharing of narratives, particularly narratives of poverty and struggle, is associated with resiliency and empowerment, serving to support parents in their interactions with school and advocacy for their children (Delgado-Gaitan, 2005).
iii. Slide 6: Corridos defined
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- a ballad in a traditional Mexican style, typically having lyrics that narrate a historical event.
- Slide 7: Corridos have been used since the Mexican Revolution, and regained popularity during the colonization of what is now the Mexican-American border and additional southern US lands.
- Corridos were mostly a male-dominated genre, but women have since created subgenres of their own, such as coquette corridos.
- Check out or add artist Belinda’s song “300 Noches” or “Cactus,” or even Eydrey’s “X Ti” (both singers talk about women’s perspectives in relationships, gender, and feminist themes).
a. Write down what you notice from the beat, melody, and even undertones in the sound. Think about what comes across as “feminine.” Next you’ll compare it to “traditional” corridos made by men.
iv. Slide 8: Popular corridos then and now
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- The legend and life of Gregorio Cortez, who bravely fought against American Texas Rangers for the independence of Mexico and Mexican peoples.
- Slide 9: “La Jaula de Oro” by Los Tigres del Norte
a. Explains that the “American” dream is not what it seems, and one ends up feeling more and more isolated from their culture and people while living in America. - Ask students: What do these corridos have in common with the music from the women artists? What is different about them? Why is it important to have all types of storytellers tell stories through music like corridos?
v. Student quick work: Ask students to find a song that tells a story about a population of people.
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- Instructions (slide 10):
a. Open Chromebooks.
b. Find a popular contemporary song that tells a story about a population of people, or tells a historical story (add a six-minute timer).
- Instructions (slide 10):
e. Review: “To know the past is to know the present. To know the present is to know yourself.” (slide 11)
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- “Latin American countries have been telling their stories for centuries through dichos, consejos, corridos and more.
- Sometimes these stories show us hardship, but it can also show us resilience
- As a dicho says: “No hay mal que por bien no venga” → Good can always come out of bad/hard/difficult”
Day 2 – Chew: How can stories teach us about ourselves and the world around us? (slide 12)
f. Class work time: instructions for students
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- On your own, read + annotate the GCV story of Alexandra Irrazabal.
- Circle words you do not know.
- Underline phrases that describe who Alexandra is—what she enjoys, her favorite things, etc.
- Highlight words/phrases that demonstrate the world around Alexandra.
g. Poster gallery: Instructions
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- Write one of the questions below on each poster.
- Groups of three to six students spend 5 minutes on each poster.
- They can add to other’s thoughts, ask questions about other’s thoughts, add their own answer to the question posted, etc.
- Student groups present their poster once full rotation is done, sharing what’s been written.
- Gallery questions
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- Why is it important to share stories of experience?
- What do all the stories heard or read today have in common?
- How do stories shape the way we think?
- Why is it important to highlight stories from non-dominant communities?
- Why is it important to acknowledge different forms of storytelling?
- What do we learn from stories?
Review (Exit Ticket)
- How did today’s lesson deepen your understanding of storytelling?
- If you could tell a story about your community, what would it be?
Multilingual and ELL Supports
- Allow students to read Alexandra’s story in home language
- Allow students to annotate in home language
- Groups can be home language groups or mixed language groups
- Provide English sentence stems to help students contribute to the conversation during the poster gallery activity
- Allow students to think about their answers by writing it in their home language first prior to gathering in a group
Vocabulary and Definitions
- Oral storytelling: the practice of passing down history, values, and traditions through spoken words and performance rather than writing
- Dichos: short, popular sayings or proverbs in Spanish-speaking cultures that offer folk wisdom or life lessons
- Corridos: traditional Mexican narrative songs or ballads that tell stories of history, social issues, or the lives of everyday heroes
- Consejos: helpful pieces of advice or cultural wisdom shared by elders to guide younger generations in making good choices
- Narratives: the specific stories or accounts of events that help people explain their experiences and how they see the world
- Non-dominant communities: groups of people who have historically had less social, political, or economic power compared to the largest or most influential group in a society
Resource List
- “Dichos, Nuggets of Wisdom” www.texasstandard.org/stories/dichos-nuggets-of-wisdom
- “Dichos y Refranes: A Saying For Every Occasion” www.mexperience.com/a-saying-for-every-occasion
- “25 refranes mexicanos que necesitas en tu vida” www.poliglota.org/post/refranes-mexicanos
- “Storytelling in Mexican Homes: Connections Between Oral and Literacy Practices” https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3614910
- “The Corrido: A Cultural Ballad of the Mexican-American Experience” www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/corridos
- “Américo Paredes, a Mexican-American Hero” www.marfapublicradio.org/podcast/rambling-boy/2013-04-29/americo-paredes-a-mexican-american-hero
- “La Jaula de Oro” by Los Tigres del Norte www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jeBzqS_6WE
- “Storytelling and Cultural Traditions” https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/storytelling-and-cultural-traditions
- “Dichos/Sayings” https://usldhrecovery.uh.edu/exhibits/show/the-ramona-gonzalez-papers/dichos
- “Corridos: Stories Told Through Song” https://www.nps.gov/articles/corridos-stories-told-through-song.htm
- Dictionary definition, “narrative” https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/narrative
- Liberated Ethnic Studies Model Curriculum Values and Principles (7 Cs) https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cGOs7rsY9wT2qI-yIQh5dye8snRjGYxr/view
Unit 3: Healing and Future Building – Hmong Healing and Future Building
Time Frame
- 2 class periods
Materials
- Green Card Entrepreneur Voices – Steve Thao’s video
Connections to the 7 Cs of Ethnic Studies
- Cultivate: using traditional Hmong arts as an opportunity for identity affirmation and healing
- Conceptualize: using Hmong arts as tool for visioning, futurisms, world-building, hope, healing, and collective possibilities
Instruction (ICCR)
Important: Please give the class a general trauma warning and create a safe space for the class before beginning the lesson. Today’s class will explore how people use art and music to process hard times and heal. Some of our topics will touch on war, leaving home, and intergenerational trauma, the stress or sadness that families carry across generations, and may trigger certain feelings. Please remind students to be respectful of one another, provide space as needed, and allow students to skip or pass on discussions as needed. Also, remind students to reach out to their mental health providers and tell them these topics were brought up and discussed in class, and made students feel a certain way. Use your best professional judgment to warn the class.
Ignite: Hmong Musical Instruments
- Show images of some traditional Hmong instruments on the board.
- Ask students if anyone recognizes the instruments or can tell what they are.
- Call on a few to guess the instruments’ names or what they are.
Turn and Talk
What song do you listen to when you are sad or down? Why does music work better than just talking to a friend?
Chunk: Hmong Instruments
- Introduce the Hmong instruments:
- qeej / lusheng
- raj / flute
- ncas / mouth harp
- xim xaus / violin
- Show images of each traditional Hmong instrument; then explain what they’re made of and what they are used for.
- Watch an excerpt of Among Mountains, from 29:00 to 43:00.
- Neng Thao explains the instruments and their connections to the Hmong language, along with how music is an extension of the language and is often used for courting.
Turn and Talk
How can playing a traditional Hmong instrument be seen as a form of communication? How is it a form of healing?
- Ask for a few students to share out loud with the class.
- Clearly explain to students how music allows for expression, especially feelings. Traditionally, it is a cultural taboo to openly talk and share feelings and emotions, especially while courting. Music allows individuals to express their feelings of love, happiness, or sadness to one another.
Turn and Talk
Think about a song you put on when you are down. Why does hearing this song feel safer or more comforting than talking with a friend?
- Sentence Starter: When I am overwhelmed, I like to listen to . . .
Chunk: Steve Thao’s Story
Watch the “Steve Thao” video from Green Card Entrepreneur Voices.
Group Task
- Watch: Watch the video together.
- Discuss: How can art help Hmong understand their family’s history? How can art help Hmong heal from their past?
- Analyze: Thao said, “Art is a way for us to tell our own stories, rather than having others tell them for us.” What does he mean by this? How can you use art to tell your story?
Chew: Paj Ntaub Artwork
Introduce traditional Hmong paj ntaub, which is often used to tell stories, especially through story cloths. Share how story cloths started in the refugee camps as a way for Hmong to use their talent to make money. They would make cloth by hand and create story cloths of their journey, history, and experiences. Show examples of story cloths and point out specific symbols and what they represent. (See Flowery Cloth link below.)
Artwork and Paragraph Assignment
- Pass out a blank white quarter sheet or half sheet of paper to students. Have them draw and color in a story about their life that can be used to inspire or instill hope in others.
- Students do not have to draw a border.
- Students should also write and turn in a paragraph reflection about their art and how it can provide healing and hope for others.
- Teacher will collect all of the images and create a collage on the wall with all the handouts. The teacher can cut out Hmong patterns or triangles to build a border for the images.
Review: 3-2-1 Exit Ticket
On a slip of paper (regular notebook paper or sticky notes) or a digital form, students must write and turn in:
- Three specific facts they learned about Hmong arts
- Two ways that art has shaped the Hmong experience
- One question they still have about how art can help inspire a better future
Multilingual and ELL Support
- Provide a sentence stem for reflection:
- Art can serve to help with . . .
- Art can help heal…
- Art allows me to understand . . .
- I express myself by . . .
- When I feel _______, I listen to . . .
Vocabulary and Definitions
- Paj ntaub: traditional Hmong art that is made by a needle stitching onto a fabric cloth
- Art: something you make using imagination to share ideas and feelings, to make something beautiful, or to show and tell how you see the world
- Healing: the process of getting better, stronger, or whole again after you have been hurt, in either your body or feelings
- Hope: the belief that something good can happen
- Intergenerational Trauma: stress, trauma, or emotional sadness that is passed down from one generation to the next
Resource List
- Hmong Instruments www.learnabouthmong.org/default_active_page_id=31.html
- Paj Ntaub https://learnuake.org/articles/hmong-culture/embroidery
- Flowery Cloth https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xbPy-QN1b9Oq90H28k_mWvihBg3xabvG/view
- Among Mountains video www.youtube.com/watch?v=VpT5bHrezxE
- Green Card Entrepreneur Voices – Steve Thao’s video
- “Birdsong: the dying whistled language of Hmong in northern Laos” video www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KIYwCieaMs
- Liberated Ethnic Studies Model Curriculum Values and Principles (7 Cs) https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cGOs7rsY9wT2qI-yIQh5dye8snRjGYxr/view