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Grade Level: 9

Unit 1: Identity and Language – Hmong Identity and Language

Time Frame

  • 1–2 class periods

Materials

  • Green Card Youth Voices: Immigration Stories from a St. Paul High School – Iya Xiong’s story and video
  • Paj ntaub images – pick one

Connections to the 7 Cs of Ethnic Studies

  • Cultivate: learning about the Hmong history, people, and language to provide opportunities for identity affirmation and healing
  • Celebrate: using Hmong counter-stories and community narratives through storytelling

Instruction (ICCR)

Ignite: Language or Visual

Option A: Language

Write on the board: 
Nyob zoo. Kuv lub npe hu ua . . . 
(Hello. My name is . . .)

Ask students if anyone recognizes the language or can read it. Call on a few to guess or read it out loud. Ask students to raise their hands if they speak a language other than English at home. 

Turn and Talk

Imagine if you were to move to a new country where no one speaks, reads, or understands your language. How would you tell them who you are? How would you tell your story?

  • Ask a few students to share out loud with the class.

Option B: Visual

Show an image of an older traditional paj ntaub clothing piece. 

Ask students to discuss what language or words the designs may convey. Explain that the Hmong believe that their original language was widely written or sewn onto Hmong clothes and paj ntaub as a secret message to warn others of threats and danger. However, over a period of time, the language was lost; all that is left now are symbols and designs. 

Chunk: Oral Tradition

Introduce the Hmong people as an ethnic group from China with a rich culture, who migrated throughout Southeast Asia and eventually migrated to the United States due to their involvement with the CIA in during the Secret War in Laos. Today, Hmong live throughout the United States, with the biggest populations in California, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, and the Twin Cities as home to the largest concentration of Hmong. The Hmong identity has been shaped by a fight to retain their language and culture. 

Explain that for centuries, the Hmong were primarily an oral culture. The Hmong had no written history due to Chinese persecution. They fled from China into South China before migrating to Southeast Asia, and along the way, they lost their written language. 

However, oral tradition has been the primary method of instructing and passing along Hmong history, values, beliefs, cultural knowledge, and stories. Hmong have been able to pass along their rich culture and history through storytelling and oral stories. Stories share life lessons, glimpses of the world, and a sense of identity and community. Storytelling was also the main method of record-keeping of ancestral origins, migration patterns, and life experiences, including major wars and conflicts.

Chunk: Hmong RPA

  • Explain Hmong RPA (Romanized Popular Alphabet), the most common Hmong writing system today. It was developed in the 1950s by Western missionaries and Hmong advisors in Laos: Txiv Plig Nyiaj Pov (Father Yves Bertrais), Dr. Smalley, and Dr. Barney, along with some local Hmong villagers. 

Turn and Talk

How does it influence identity when a foreign power helps structure your written language? 

  • Ask a few students to share out loud. 

Chunk: Hmong Language and Tones

  • Briefly explain that Hmong is a tonal language with eight tones. The final letter in a written Hmong word is usually not pronounced; it indicates the tone or vocal pitch, and each word has its own meaning. 
  • Hmong words are mostly monosyllabic and short. Each word consists of a consonant, a vowel, and a tone. 
  • Consonants can range from one to a blend of four. Vowels are either single or double, and tones are always single. 

Turn and Talk

How does one pass on their oral tradition or history if they don’t know the language?

  • Ask a few students to share out loud. 

Chew: Iya Xiong’s Story and Analysis

  • Provide an excerpt from “Iya Xiong” from Green Card Voices: St. Paul, from the top of page 3 to page 4 (see below, starting with the first full paragraph).
  • Have students read the passage of Iya’s experience in America.

Group Task

  • Read: Read the excerpt together.
  • Discuss: How did Iya’s story help to preserve her identity? How was she able to assimilate into the American culture?
  • Analyze Identity: How does the author maintain and celebrate her Hmong identity despite writing in English?

Guided Questions for Class Discussion

  • In the text, how was language a bridge or a barrier? 
  • How did Iya show that she belonged and affirm her Hmong identity?
  • Compare and contrast Iya’s narrative to yours. How can we celebrate or appreciate the differences?
  • With over 90,000 Hmong people in Minnesota, why do you think Hmong history is often left out of standard American history textbooks?
  • How is language important to the Hmong identity? Can one truly be Hmong without knowing the Hmong language? Why or why not?

Review: 3-2-1 Exit Ticket

On a slip of paper (regular notebook paper or sticky notes) or a digital form, students must write and turn in:

  • Three specific facts they learned about Hmong history or the language
  • Two ways that language and culture influence Hmong identity
  • One question they still have about the relationship between language and identity

Multilingual and ELL Support

  • Provide sentence stems for class discussion and discourse.
  • In the text, how was language a bridge or a barrier?
    • Language was a bridge because . . .
    • Language was a barrier because . . .
  • How did Iya show that she belonged and affirm her Hmong identity?
    • Iya felt she belonged because . . .
    • Iya felt she could be herself more because she could . . .
  • Compare and contrast Iya’s narrative to yours. How can we celebrate or appreciate the differences?
    • Iya and my experiences are similar in that . . .
    • Iya and my experiences are different in that . . .
  • With over 90,000 Hmong people in Minnesota, why do you think Hmong history is often left out of standard American history textbooks?
    • I think Hmong history is left out because . . .
  • How is language important to the Hmong identity? Can one truly be Hmong without knowing the Hmong language? Why or why not?
    • Hmong is important because . . .
    • One can/cannot truly be Hmong without the Hmong language because . . .

Vocabulary and Definitions

  • Diaspora: the spreading of a group of people from their original home to other countries
  • Paj ntaub: traditional Hmong art that is made by stitching a needle onto a fabric cloth
  • Romanized Popular Alphabet (RPA): the Hmong reading and writing system that uses the same letters found in English
  • Oral tradition: the practice of passing down Hmong history, culture, and language by telling stories rather than writing
  • Assimilation: the process of fitting into a new culture

Resource List 

3 Kawm Txog: Kev Kho Siab Ntsws thiab Txhim Kho Lub Neej Tom Ntej – Hmoob Kev Kho Siab Ntsws thiab Txhim Kho Lub Neej Tom Ntej

Sij Hawm Qhia

  • 1–2 hnub thaum chav kawm sib ntsib

Khoom Siv

  • Green Card Entrepreneur Voices – Steve Thao daim yeeb yaj kiab video

Connections to the 7 Cs of Ethnic Studies

  • Saib Xyuas: siv Hmoob cov txuj ci (suab paj nruag/paj ntaub) los ua lub cib fim kom lees paub tus kheej thiab kho siab ntsws
  • Tsim Lub Tswv Yim: siv Hmoob cov txuj ci (suab paj nruag/paj ntaub) los yog ib yam cuab yeej kom muaj zeem muag, pom yav tom ntej, tsim kho lub ntiaj teb, muaj kev cia siab, muaj kev kho siab ntsws, thiab muaj kev sib raug zoo ua ke

Txheej Txheem Qhia

Tseem Ceeb: Thov ceeb toom cov tub ntxhais tias kev kawm hnub no yuav muaj qee yam ua rau lawv txhawj/ muaj kev nyuaj siab, thiab tsim ib chav nyab xeeb rau lawv ua ntej pib zaj kawm no. Hnub no, chav kawm yuav saib tib neeg cov txuj ci paj ntaub thiab suab paj nruag los ua kev kawm kom nkag siab cov sij haum nyuab thiab nkag siab tias cov txuj ci no kho neeg siab ntsws li cas. Qee yam ncauj lus peb yuav tham txog yog kev ua tsov rog, tsiv teb tsaws chaw/khiav tawm teb chaws, thiab kev tsim txom ntawm ntau tiam neeg, kev ntxhov siab los sis tusiab uas cov tsev neeg muaj ib phaum dhau ib phaum, thiab tej zaum yuav ua rau yus muaj qee yam kev xav. 

Thov ceeb toom cov tub ntxhais kom paub sib hwm, tsim ib chav nyab xeeb rau txhua tus, thiab yog lawv tsis xav hais lus/tsis xav tham los tau. Ntxiv thiab, nco ntsoov kom cov tub ntxhais mus cuag lawv cov kws kho kev mob hlwb/ kho kev nyuaj siab yog lawv xav tau kev pab, thiab qhia tias cov ncauj lus hnub no yog tham hauv chav kawm es ua rau lawv muaj qee yam kev xav. Xib Fwb siv nws qhov kev txiav txim siab zoo tshaj plaws los ceeb toom cov tub ntxhais kawm.

Taws: Hmoob Twj Suab Paj Nruag

  • Tso cov duab ntawm qee cov twj suab paj nruag Hmoob ntawm daim txiag. 
  • Nug cov tub ntxhais seb puas muaj leej twg paub cov twj suab paj nruag los sis qhia tau tias yog dab tsi 
    • Hu ob peb tug tub ntxhais twv cov twj suab paj nruag npe los sis qhia tias yog dab tsi 

Tig thiab Tham

Koj mloog zaj nkauj dab tsi thaum koj tu siab los sis tsis muaj siab ua dab tsi? Vim li cas mloog nkauj ho zoo dua nrog ib tug phooj ywg tham?

Phua: Hmoob Twj Suaj Paj Nruag 

  • Piav qhia cov twj suab paj nruag Hmoob (Hmong instruments):
    • qeej / lusheng
    • raj / flute
    • ncas / mouth harp
    • xim xaus / violin
  • Tso cov duab twj suab paj nruag Hmoob; ces piav qhia tias Hmoob siv dab tsi los tsim cov twj thiab Hmoob siv cov twj li cas
  • Saib ib ntu luv luv ntawm Among Mountains, thaum 29:00 txog 43:00.
    • Neeb Thoj piav qhia cov twj suab paj nruag thiab cov suab uas txhais tau lus Hmoob, nrog rau tias suab paj nruag/nkauj yog ib yam txuas neeg cov lus hais, thiab feem ntau yog siv los nrhiav txij nkawm/sib tham.

Tig thiab Tham

Cov twj suab paj nruag Hmoob yog ib hom kev hais lus/sib txuas lus tau li cas? Nws yog ib hom hauv kev los kho siab ntsws li cas? 

  • Hais ob peb tug tub ntxhais qhia lawv cov tswv yim rau sawv daws
  • Qhia rau cov tub ntxhais kawm kom meej tias suab paj nruag yog ib yam ua rau neeg qhia tau lawv tej kev xav. Thaum ub, Hmoob tsis qhib siab qhia txhua yam kev xav lawv muaj, tshwj xeeb yog thaum sib tham nrhiav txij nkawm. Suab paj nruag yog ib txoj hauv kev rau tib neeg qhib siab qhia thiab tham txog lawv tej kev xav, kev hlub, kev zoo siab, los sis kev tu siab rau lwm tus. 

Tig thiab Tham

Koj mloog zaj nkauj dab tsi thaum koj tu siab los sis tsis muaj siab ua dab tsi? Vim li cas mloog nkauj ho zoo dua nrog ib tug phooj ywg tham?

  • Kab lus pib: Thaum kuv nyuaj siab, kuv nyiam mloog …………

Phua: Steve Thao zaj dab neeg 

Saib daim yeeb yaj kiab txog  “Steve Thao” los ntawm Green Card Entrepreneur Voices.

Pab Pawg Sib Tham/Sib Qhia Tswv Yim

  • Saib daim yeeb yaj kiab: Saib ua ke.
  • Tham: Cov txuj ci suab paj nruag pab Hmoob nkag siab lawv tsev neeg li keeb kwm li cas? Cov txuj ci no pab Hmoob kho lub neej yav dhau lo li cas? 
  • Txhuaj xyuas: Thoj hais tias, “Txuj ci suab paj nruag yog ib txoj hauv kev rau peb qhia peb cov dab neeg, es tsis txhob cia lwm tus qhia rau peb.” Qhov nws hais no txhais tau li cas? Koj yuav siv txuj ci suab paj nruag los qhia koj zaj dab neeg li cas? 

Zom: Paj Ntaub Artwork 

Nthuav qhia txog  paj ntaub Hmoob, uas feem ntau yog siv los qhia dab neeg, tshwj xeeb li daim paj ntaub dab neeg. Qhia rau cov tub ntxhais tias paj ntaub dab neeg pib hauv cov yeej thoj nam tawg rog, uas yog ib txoj hauv kev cov Hmoob nthuav lawv cov txuj los khwv nyiaj. Lawv siv tes dag zog los tsim daim ntaub, ces siv tes los kos thiab xaws daim paj ntaub dab neeg qhia txog lawv lub neej, keeb kwm, thiab tej yam lawv tau ntsib. Muab ob peb daim paj ntaub dab neeg rau cov tub ntxhais kawm saib, thiab qhia cov qauv tshwj xeeb npe thiab txhais li cas.  (Saib daim paj ntaub link hauv qab.)

Dej Num Kos Duab thiab Sau Nqe Lus

  • Yais ib daim ntawv dawb uas yog ib feem plaub/ ib nrab rau cov tub ntxhais. Cia lawv kos duab thiab pleev kob txog ib zaj dab neeg ntawm lawv lub neej uas siv tau los txhawb los sis ua rau lwm tus muaj kev cia siab.
    • Cov tub ntxhais tsis tas yuav kos ib ciam ntug rau daim ntawv
  • Cov tub ntxhais yuav sau ib nqe lus xav txog daim duab lawv kos thiab seb nws tuaj yeem muab kev kho siab ntsws thiab kev cia saib rau lwm tus li cas.
  • Xib Fwb yuav khaws tag nrho cov duab los tsim ib daim paj ntaub loj/duab collage tim phab ntsa. Xib fwb txiav qauv paj ntaub Hmoob/ xab xeeb kaum los ua ciam ntug rau cov duab los tau thiab. 

Saib Dua: 3-2-1 Daim Pib Tawm

Siv ib daim ntawv (nyob hauv phau ntawv sau los sis ib daim ntawv me me) los sis saum huab cua, hais kom cov tub ntxhais sau teb cov lus no thiab muab rau tus xib fwb:

  • Peb yam muaj tseeb uas koj kawm tau txog Hmoob txuj ci (suab paj nruag/paj ntaub) hnub no
  • Ob txoj hauv kev uas cov txuj ci tau hloov pauv Hmoob lub neej
  • Ib lo lus nug koj tseem muaj txog tias cov txuj ci tuaj yeem txhawb tau ib lub neej zoo yav tom ntej 

Kev Pab Cov Tub Ntxhais Hais Ntau Hom Lus thiab Kawm Lus Askiv

  • Siv cov kab lus pib thaum rov xav txog/tham txog kev kawm:
    • Txuj ci suab paj nruag/ paj ntaub pab peb tau nrog _____
    • Txuj ci suab paj nruag/ paj ntaub pab kho _______
    • Txuj ci suab paj nruag/ paj ntaub ua rau kuv nkag siab ______.
    • Kuv qhia kuv cov kev xav/ kuv tus kheej los ntawm ______. 
    • Thaum kuv _____, kuv mloog _____.

Ntsiab Lus thiab Txhais Li Cas

  • Paj ntaub: Hmoob txuj ci teej tug uas siv koob los xaws rau daim ntaub 
  • Txuj Ci (suab paj nruag/paj ntaub/ kev kos duab): tej yam yus tsim los ntawm kev xav los qhia tswv yim thiab neeg cov kev xav, los tsim tej yam zoo nkauj, los sis los qhia tias yus pom lub ntiaj tej li cas 
  • Kev kho siab ntsws: qhov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua rau yus lub siab kaj, siab tawv, los sis lub siab rov los ua ib lub tom qab yus raug tsim txom, tsis hais ntawm cev nqaij daim tawv los sis kev xav hauv siab
  • Kev cia siab: kev ntseeg tias yam zoo yeej yuav tshwm sim
  • Kev Puas Siab Ntsws ntawm ntau tiam neeg: kev ntxhov siab, raug mob/puas siab ntsws, los sis kev tu siab uas tau kis/poob ib tiam neeg mus rau ib tiam

Teev Cov Khoom Siv 

1 Kawm Txog: Lub Neej thiab Hom Lus – Hmoob Lub Neej thiab Hom Lus

Sij Hawm Qhia

  • 1–2 hnub thaum chav kawm sib ntsib

Cov Khoom Siv

  • Green Card Youth Voices: Immigration Stories from a St. Paul High School – Ib Yam Xyooj zaj dab neeg story thiab video
  • Duab Paj ntaub images – xaiv ib daim

Connections to the 7 Cs of Ethnic Studies

  • Saib Xyuas: kawm txog keeb kwm Hmoob, haiv neeg Hmoob, thiab lus Hmoob kom muaj cib fim los lees paub thiab kho tus kheej
  • Ua kev zoo siab: siv cov dab neeg Hmoob thiab lub zej zog cov dab neeg thaum piav dab neeg

Txheej Txheem Qhia

Taws: Hom Lus los sis Duab

Kev Xaiv A: Hom Lus

Sau rau ntawm daim txiag:

Nyob zoo. Kuv lub npe hu ua . . . 

(Hello. My name is . . .)

Nug cov tub ntxhais kawm seb puas muaj leej twg paub hom lus no lo sis nyeem tau. Hu ob peb tug los twv los sis nyeem kab lus rau txhua tus. Nug cov tub ntxhais kawm kom tsa tes yog tias lawv hais ib hom lus txawv uas tsis yog lus Askiv tom tsev. 

Tig thiab Tham

Piv txwv tias koj tau khiav mus nyob ib lub teb chaws tshiab uas tsis muaj neeg paub hais, nyeem, los sis nkag siab koj hom lus. Koj yuav qhia rau lawv tias koj yog leej twg li cas? Koj yuav qhia koj zaj dab neeg rau lawv li cas? 

  • Hais kom ob peb tug tub ntxhais kawm qhia lawv cov tswv yim rau sawv daws. 

Kev Xaiv B: Duab

Tso ib daim duab paj ntaub qub paj ntaub clothing piece. 

Hais kom cov tub ntxhais sib tham seb hom lus los sis cov lus uas cov qauv qhia yog dab tsi. Qhia rau lawv tias cov Hmoob ntseeg tias lawv cov lus qub thaum ub yog muab sau los sis xaws rau ntawm Hmoob cov khaub ncaws thiab paj ntaub ua lus zais ceeb toom lwm tus txog kev phom sij. Tiam sis, dhau ib lub sij hawm los, cov lus hais tau ploj mus tag; txhua yam uas tshuav tam sim no ces yog cov cim thiab cov qauv lawm xwb.

Phua: Kev Piav Dab Neeg 

Qhia tias haiv neeg Hmoob yog ib haiv neeg pawg tsawg nyob hauv Suav Teb uas tau khiav tawm mus nyob thoob Sab Qab Teb Chaws Esxias. Meskas CIA tau rub Hmoob los pab tua Kob Tsov Rog Qab Rooj hauv Nplog Teb. Vim li no, coob tus Hmoob yuav tsum tau khiav tawm Nplog Teb mus nyob hauv cov yeej thoj nam tawg rog hauv Thaib Teb. Nim no, Hmoob nyob thoob Asmesliskas; cov coob nyob hauv lub xeev California, Minnesota, thiab Wisconsin. Hmoob nyob coob heev hauv ob lub nroog ntxaib. Hmoob lub neej thiab tus kheej tau hloov pauv vim kev yuav plam lawv hom lus thiab kab lis kev cai. 

Piav tias tau ntau tiam, cov Hmoob siv lus los piav dab neeg xwb. Cov Hmoob tsis muaj ntaub ntawv sau tseg txog lawv cov keeb kwm vim raug kev tsim txom los ntawm haiv neeg Suav. Lawv tsiv Suav Teb los mus rau Suav Qab Teb ua ntej tsiv mus Sov Choj/ Sab Qab Teb Chaws Esxias. Thaum lawv khiav ces, lawv tau poob thiab plam lawv cov ntaub ntawv.

Tiam sis, kev piav dab neeg yeej yog lawv ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb los qhia Hmoob keeb kwm, kev ntshaw, kev ntseeg, kab lis kev cai, thiab dab neeg. Hmoob muaj peev xwm qhia lawv cov kab lis kev cai thiab keeb kwm los ntawm kev piav dab neeg thiab hais lus. Cov dab neeg qhia txog kev ua neej, ua rau yus pom lub ntiaj ntej, thiab ua rau yus nkag siab tus kheej/lub neej thiab lub zej zog. Kev piav dab neeg kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb los ceev/khaws cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv, kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw, thiab lub neej, nrog rau cov nplua rog loj thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb.

Phua: Ntawv Hmoob Las Tees

  • Piav qhia tias ntawv Hmoob Las Tees yog hom ntawv uas Hmoob coob tus siv niaj hnub no. Ntawv Hmoob Las Tees tsim thaum xyoo 1950s los ntawm ib co Txiv Plig Fab Kis thiab ib co kws Hmoob hauv Nplog Teb: Txiv Plig Nyiaj Pov (Father Yves Bertrais), Dr. Smalley, thiab Dr. Barney, nrog rau ob peb tug Hmoob nyob hauv zos 

Tig thiab Tham

Thaum lwm tus tib neeg txawv teb chaws muaj fwj chim tuaj tsim ntaub ntawv rau yus haiv neeg sau, qhov no muaj feem hloov pauv/cuam tshuam yus tus kheej/ lub neej li cas? 

  • Nug ob peb tug tub ntxhais kawm qhia lawv cov tswv yim rau sawv daws.

Phua: Lus Hmoob thiab Cov Cim Suab

  • Piav qhia me ntsis tias lus Hmoob yog ib hom lus muaj 8 lub suab cim. Tus tsiaj ntawv kawg ntawm ib lo lus Hmoob tsis muaj suab; nws qhia kom yus hais lo lus siab, qis, tus, los sis npub ntswg. Txhua lo lus Hmoob muaj nws lub ntsiab lus.
  • Lus Hmoob feem ntau yog ib lo lus thiab luv luv. Txhua lo lus muaj tsiaj ntawv txiv, tsiaj ntawv niam, thiab cim suab
  • Tsiaj ntawv txiv muaj ib mus txog plaub tug/lub suab ua ke. Tsiaj ntawv niam yog ib los sis ob tug ua ke, thiab cov cim suab ces yog ib tug tsiaj ntawv xwb. 

Tig thiab Tham

Yog tias ib tug neeg tsis paub nws hom lus, nws yuav ua li cas thiaj li qhia tau nws tej kab lis kev cai los sis keeb kwm? 

  • Nug ob peb tug tub ntxhais kawm qhia lawv cov tswv yim rau sawv daws.

Zom: Ib Yam Xyooj Zaj Dab Neeg thiab tshuaj xyuas 

  • Muab “Ib Yam Xyooj” ib zaj lus luv luv los ntawm Green Card Voices: St. Paul, pib saum toj nploog 3 mus txog nploog 4 (saib hauv qab, pib ntawm thawj nqe lus)
  • Cia cov tub ntxhais nyeem Ib Yam zaj dab neeg nyob hauv Asmesliskas

Pab Pawg Sib Tham/Sib Qhia Tswv Yim

  • Nyeem: Nyeem zaj dab neeg ua ke.
  • Sib tham: Ib yam zaj dab neeg ceev tseg nws tus kheej/lub neej li cas? Nws txuam/txia/ koom tau nrog Meskas kev coj noj coj ua/ kab lis kev cai li cas?
  • Tshuaj xyuas tus kheej/lub neej: Txawm hais tias sau ua lus Askiv xwb los, Ib Yam ceev tseg thiab ua kev zoo siab rau nws tus kheej/lub neej li cas?

Cov Lus Nug Uas Txhawb Kev Sib Tham Hauv Chav Kawm

  • Hauv zaj dab neeg, ib hom lus no yog kev txhawb los sis kev thaiv ib tus neeg hauv kev li cas?
  • Ib Yam qhia tias nws muaj feem koom tau lwm tus thiab lees paub tias nws yog Hmoob li cas?
  • Muab Ib Yam zaj dab neeg los piv koj zaj, dab tsi zoo tib yam thiab dab tsi sib txawv? Peb yuav ua kev zoo siab los sis lees txais peb qhov kev sib txawv li cas?
  • Muaj ntau tshaj 90,000 tus neeg Hmoob nyob hauv Minnesota, koj xav tias vim li cas keeb kwm Hmoob thiaj li tsis muaj feem nyob hauv Meskas cov phau ntawv keeb kwm?
  • Hom lus hais muaj nqis rau Hmoob tus kheej/lub neej li cas? Yog tsis paub lus Hmoob lawm ces yus puas yog ib tug Hmoob tiag tiag? Vim li cas yus tseem yog Hmoob tiag tiag los sis tsis yog lawm?  

Saib Dua: 3-2-1 Daim Pib Tawm

Siv ib daim ntawv (nyob hauv phau ntawv sau los sis ib daim ntawv me me) los sis saum huab cua, hais kom cov tub ntxhais sau teb cov lus no thiab muab rau tus xib fwb:

  • Peb yam lawv kawm tau txog keeb kwm Hmoob los sis lus Hmoob
  • Ob qho vim li cas lus thiab kab lis kev cai muaj feem/cuam tshuab rau Hmoob tus kheej/lub neej
  • Ib lo lus nug koj tseem muaj txog kev sib raug/sib tshuam ntawm lus thiab tus kheej/lub neej

Kev Pab Cov Tub Ntxhais Hais Ntau Hom Lus thiab Kawm Lus Askiv

  • Sau cov kab lus qhia pib hais lus thaum muaj kev sib tham
  • Hauv zaj dab neeg, ib hom lus no yog kev txhawb los sis kev thaiv ib tus neeg hauv kev li cas?
    • Lus yog ib qho txhawb yus hauv kev vim…
    • Lus yog ib qho thaiv yus hauv kev vim…
  • Ib Yam qhia tias nws muaj feem koom tau lwm tus thiab lees paub tias nws yog Hmoob li cas?
    • Ib Yam hnov tau tias nws muaj feem koom tau lwm tus vim/ los ntawm…
    • Ib Yam hnov tau tias nws yog nws tus kheej dua vim nws ua tau…
  • Muab Ib Yam zaj dab neeg los piv koj zaj, dab tsi zoo tib yam thiab dab tsi sib txawv? Peb yuav ua kev zoo siab los sis lees txais peb qhov kev sib txawv li cas? 
    • Ib Yam thiab kuv zaj dab neeg zoo tib yam vim…
    • Ib Yam thiab kuv zaj dab neeg sib txawv vim…
  • Muaj ntau tshaj 90,000 tus neeg Hmoob nyob hauv Minnesota, koj xav tias vim li cas keeb kwm Hmoob thiaj li tsis muaj feem nyob hauv Meskas cov phau ntawv keeb kwm?
    • Kuv xav tias keeb kwm Hmoob tsis nyob hauv Meskas cov phau ntawv vim…
  • Hom lus hais muaj nqis rau Hmoob tus kheej/lub neej li cas? Yog tsis paub lus Hmoob lawm ces yus puas yog ib tug Hmoob tiag tiag? Vim li cas yus tseem yog Hmoob tiag tiag los sis tsis yog lawm?
    • (Lus) Hmoob tseem ceeb vim…
    • Ib leeg tseem yog/ tsis yog Hmoob tiag tiag yog nws tsis paub lus Hmoob vim…

Ntsiab Lus thiab Txhais Li Cas

  • Cov neeg tawg rog: cov pab pawg neeg uas tau tsiv teb tsaws chaw deb ntawm lawv lub qub teb chaws mus rau lwm lub
  • Paj ntaub: Hmoob txuj ci teej tug uas siv koob los xaws rau daim ntaub
  • Ntawv Hmoob Las Tees: ib hom kev sau thiab nyeem ntawv Hmoob uas siv tib co tsiaj ntawv li lus Askiv tiam sis lub suab sib txawv
  • Kev piav dab neeg:  keeb kwm qhia ib tiam dhau ib tiam los ntawm qhov ncauj, feem ntau yog los ntawm kev piav dab neeg, cov nkauj, los sis kev coj noj coj ua, es tsis yog los ntawm kev nyeem ib phau ntawv.
  • Txuam/txia: txoj kev uas mus koom/coj lwm tus cov kab lis kev cai

Teev Cov Khoom Siv