Unidad 2: Resistencia y Resiliencia – El Arte como Herramienta de Resistencia
Periodo de tiempo
- 1-2 períodos de clase
Materiales
- Green Card Voices– La historia de Darío Meija
- Diapositivas
Conexiones con las 7 C’s de los estudios étnicos
- Enfocar: Centrándonos en el conocimiento de la comunidad, los ancianos, las familias y las experiencias vividas.
- Conectar: Aprender sobre los movimientos de resistencia de los mexicanos y los latinos a nivel local y global, del pasado y de hoy.
Instrucción
Día 1
Encender: Introducción/Inicio
- Bienvenida, agenda, anuncios, objetivo de aprendizaje (diapositiva 1)
- Pregunta de inicio: ¿Cuándo fue una ocasión en que superaste un miedo o una dificultad
- ¡Escribe en un cuaderno! (2-3 minutos)
- Habla con un compañero y comparte tu experiencia (2-4 minutos)
- Compártelo con la clase; elige a algunos estudiantes para que compartan sus experiencias (2-3 minutos).
- Pregunta de inicio: ¿Cuándo fue una ocasión en que superaste un miedo o una dificultad
Salud mental: La lección de hoy trata del racismo y las experiencias de exclusión dentro de las comunidades latinas. Algunos se sentirán identificados con estas experiencias de diferentes maneras. Por favor, cuídense y participen de maneras que les resulten cómodas y respetuosas.
Fragmentar: Resistencia y resiliencia: los latinos NO son un monolito
Vocabulario (diapositiva 2)
Vocabulario: Pensamiento monolítico (diapositiva 2)(fuente)
- “la tendencia a ver las culturas, las experiencias y las personas desde una única perspectiva”
- Muchas veces, la gente cree que todas las personas latinos/latinas/Latinx comparten la misma cultura, experiencias, tradiciones o creencias. ¡Pero de un país a otro, e incluso dentro de un mismo país, las personas latinos/latinas/latinx son muy diferentes!
Ejemplo: ¡Los latinos/as/x no son un grupo monolítico ni dentro del mismo país!
- Diapositiva 3: Afro-latinos: personas con descendientes de África (fuente)
- Mirar: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XmfL62xozI
- Mientras los estudiantes observan, pídales que piensen y respondan: ¿Qué es algo que la gente mexicana negra quiere que sepan los mexicanos que no son negros?
- Escoja dos estudiantes para responder y compartir con la clase.
Diapositiva 4: Pueblos indígenas: pueblos originarios de la tierra antes de la colonización europea.
- Mirar: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQ9Uwq5kXY8
- Mientras los estudiantes observan, pídeles que piensen y respondan: ¿Qué es algo por lo que los pueblos indígenas de México están luchando?
- Escoja a dos estudiantes para responder en voz alta con la clase.
Puerto Rico es técnicamente un territorio estadounidense, pero su rica historia cultural lo distingue del resto de los Estados Unidos.
- Pregunta para los estudiantes: Hagamos una lista de cosas que se les vienen a la mente cuando piensan en Puerto Rico. (Pídeles que digan sus respuestas en voz alta y escribe la lista en la pizarra; es probable que Bad Bunny aparezca en la lista).
- Puede que corran muchos rumores sobre estas ideas, pero durante muchos años, Puerto Rico ha querido independizarse de Estados Unidos desde principios del siglo XX.
- Hoy en día, incluso personas como Bad Bunny están llamando la atención sobre los problemas persistentes que enfrenta Puerto Rico, como los desastres ambientales por el cambio climático y las desigualdades económicas y sociales que sus habitantes enfrentan, a pesar de ser parte de los “excepcionales” Estados Unidos.
- Toca la canción de Bad Bunny“El Apagón – Aquí Vive Gente.” (Advertencia: Contiene palabrotas en español y posiblemente bailes explícitos. Vea qué escenas son más apropiadas para los estudiantes antes de proyectarlas).
Fragmentar: Resistencia y Potencia
El arte como forma de resistencia y resiliencia (diapositiva 5)
- En toda Latinoamérica existen diferentes movimientos de resistencia y resiliencia.
- Pregunta para los estudiantes: ¿Cómo usó Bad Bunny el arte para llamar la atención sobre lo que sucede en Puerto Rico? (Esta podría ser una actividad de cierre, puede continuar con la siguiente parte mañana).
- ¡Baile, música, vestuario, artes culinarias y mucho más!
- Resumen: ¡Los latinos/as/x no son un grupo monolítico, ni dentro del mismo país!
- Incluso dentro de México, la gente viene de diversos orígenes raciales y culturales. (Salto de texto, nuevo párrafo/línea). ¡Ahora imagínese que ampliamos este mapa miles de kilómetros! (Incluir un mapa de Centroamérica, Sudamérica y las islas del Caribe).
Día 2 – Reflexiones: Resistencia y resiliencia en nuestras identidades e interseccionalidad (diapositiva 6)
Instrucciones para el tiempo de trabajo en clase
- “Entonces, ¿qué ocurre cuando tienes muchas identidades? ¿Qué hacemos para honrar a todas?” (diapositiva 6, imagen fija)
Parte 1: Elija un compañero (diapositiva 7)
- Lee el cuento de Darío Meija (imprímalo).
- Anota la historia de Darío.
- Rodea con un círculo las palabras que no conozcas.
- Resaltar las secciones en que Darío comparte partes de su historia que fueron difíciles o complicadas para él o su familia.
- Subraya las secciones en que Darío comparte partes de su historia que honran sus identidades o le brindan alegría.
- Marca con una estrella las secciones que muestran identidades (género, cultura, idioma, raza, etc.).
Parte 2: ¡Añade un par a tu pareja! (diapositiva 8)
- Compartan sus anotaciones y conversen sobre las preguntas de reflexión.
- Preguntas para la discusión en pareja (grabar o caminar por el aula)
- Elige una anotación que te llama la atención: ¿por qué te impactó?
- ¿De qué maneras encuentra Darío alegría en su identidad ecuatoriana?
- ¿Cómo influye la identidad cultural y racial de Darío en su trabajo?
- ¿Por qué Darío comparte su historia?
- ¿De qué maneras demuestra Darío su resiliencia?
Revisar: Discusión en grupo grande (puede ampliarse si el tiempo lo permite) (diapositiva 9)
- ¿Cómo se manifiestan la resistencia y la resiliencia?
Lista de Recursos
- Recursos contextuales para profundizar en el aprendizaje sobre temas de colonización en Latinoamérica. https://latino.si.edu/learn/latino-history-and-culture/latino-history/early-latino-history https://timemaps.com/civilizations/latin-america-the-colonial-era/
- Recursos contextuales para profundizar en el aprendizaje sobre el sistema de castas español. www.indigenousmexico.org/articles/understanding-the-mexican-casta-system-a-historical-and-cultural-perspective
- Recursos contextuales para profundizar en el aprendizaje sobre el racismo contra las personas negras en Latinoamérica. https://bookshop.org/p/books/racial-innocence-unmasking-latino-anti-black-bias-and-the-struggle-for-equality-tanya-kater-hern-ndez/8232518903b7c4be?ean=9780807020135&next=t&,https://www.abfe.org/blog/confronting-colorism-and-anti-blackness-latinx-community
- Recursos contextuales sobre la invisibilización de los pueblos indígenas en América Latina. www.oah.org/process/arena-indigenous-caribbean www.researchgate.net/publication/393269447_Latin_American_Mestizaje_A_Tool_to_Erase_the_Indigenous
- “La diversidad importa: Desmantelando el pensamiento monolítico para crear un entorno laboral inclusivo” www.culture-principles.com/diversity-matters-dismantling-monolithic-thinking-to-create-an-inclusive-work-environment
- “Resistencia Afroamericana: La Historia de Yanga” www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIqLzOtzFp4
- Formación en capoeira, un arte marcial/danza brasileña. www.upr.org/arts-and-culture/2016-08-30/roots-of-brazil-the-martial-art-form-capoeira-is-preserving-history-and-tradition
- Más aprendizaje para el topo https://laroussecocina.mx/palabra/mole www.gob.mx/inpi/articulos/conoce-la-maravillosa-historia-del-mole
- “Colombia: Lo mejor de la música local que refleja la cultura y la tradición del país sudamericano” www.latinpost.com/articles/154478/20220315/colombia-top-local-music-reflects-south-american-culture-tradition.htm
- Valores y principios del modelo curricular de estudios étnicos liberados (7 C’s) https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cGOs7rsY9wT2qI-yIQh5dye8snRjGYxr/view
Unidad 1: Identidad y lenguaje: La identidad a través de los cuentos
Periodo de tiempo
- 1-2 períodos de clase
Materiales
- Green Card Youth Voices: Historias de inmigración de una escuela secundaria de Minneapolis– Alexandra Irrazábal historia y video
- Diapositivas
Conexiones con las siete C’s de los Estudios étnicos
- Cultivar: aprender cómo la historia mexicana y latina, la gente y el idioma brindan oportunidades para la afirmación de la identidad y para poder sanar.
- Celebrar: utilizando contrahistorias mexicanas y latinas y narrativas comunitarias a través de la narración de cuentos.
Instrucción
Día 1
Encender: Introducción/Inicio (Diapositiva 1)
Pregunta de calentamiento: ¿Cuándo fue la última vez que te contaron un cuento?
¿De qué se trataba el cuento?
- Escribe en un cuaderno (2-3 minutos)
- Habla con un compañero de clase y comparte su experiencia (2-4 minutos)
- Compártelo con la clase; elige a unos estudiantes para compartir (2-3 minutos)
Fragmentar: Entendiendo las Historias
Las historias como una manera de autoconocimiento y del mundo que nos rodea (diapositiva 2)
- “Conocer el pasado es conocer el presente. Conocer el presente es conocerse a uno mismo.” —Jason Reynolds + Ibram X. Kendi (Sellado)
- Aviso/descargo de responsabilidad sobre salud mental: La lección de hoy trata del tema de migración, dificultades, identidad y experiencias de comunidades no dominantes. Algunos estudiantes pueden identificarse con estas experiencias de maneras distintas. Por favor, cuídense y participen de la manera en que se sientan más cómodos.
Vocabulario + ejemplos de Cuentos (diapositiva 3)
Vocabulario: Cuentos
- ¿Cuál es su definición de un cuento? ¡Escríbela! (2 minutos para pensar y escribir).
- Definición: relato de acontecimientos pasados en la vida de alguien o en la evolución de algo.
a. ¿Coincide tu definición con la que está en la pizarra?
Pide a algunos alumnos que compartan su opinión.
- Vamos a crear una definición juntos. (Busquen puntos comunes entre las definiciones para llegar a una definición como grupo; úsela para sus apuntes, si los toman).
Vocabulario: Narración Oral (diapositiva 4)
- Recopilación y estudio de información histórica mediante grabaciones de audio de entrevistas con personas que tienen conocimiento personal de los eventos del pasado.
a. ¿Qué crees que hace esto diferente de los cuentos por escrito? (Pide a los alumnos que compartan con un compañero, luego recorre el aula pidiendo a los grupos que compartan contigo). Regresa al frente de la clase y comparte lo que escuchaste y cualquier comentario adicional. También es un buen momento para compartir algo que haya dicho un alumno más tímido o callado y felicitarlo.
Manteniendo vivas las historias y el lenguaje: Dichos (fuente 1, fuente 2, fuente 3) y corridos (diapositiva 5)
- Se han utilizado los dichos por siglos en las comunidades mexicanas y latinas.
- Proporcionan una forma de expresión o consejos para todo tipo de situaciones.
- Ejemplo: “El que se lo guarda para el rato, se lo come el gato.” → se traduce como: “Si lo guardas para más tarde, no hay garantía de que esté allí.”
- Pida que los alumnos digan en voz alta “dichos” que usan en sus familias (que no aparecen en la diapositiva).
a. Si el tiempo lo permite, investiguen algunos dichos o refranes comunes y colócalos en el aula. Los estudiantes pueden hacer un recorrido por la galería, anotando algunos dichos o refranes que sus familias podrían usar. Creen una gráfica en un organizador gráfico o modelar dibujar uno para que los estudiantes incluyan un dicho que hayan escuchado, uno que no hayan visto y uno que les haya parecido interesante.
Diapositiva 5: evidencia de estudio (fuente 1)
- El intercambio de historias y cuentos, dichos y consejos es una experiencia común entre las familias mexicanas y también en las familias mexicanas que inmigraron a los Estados Unidos. Además de ser una oportunidad para disfrutar y entretenerse, la narración de historias familiares y cuentos folclóricos fortalece los lazos familiares, comparte valores culturales y contribuye a la construcción de la identidad. El intercambio de relatos, en particular los de la pobreza y la lucha, se asocia con la resiliencia y el empoderamiento, y sirve de apoyo a los padres en sus interacciones con la escuela y para abogar por los derechos de sus hijos (Delgado-Gaitan, 2005)
Diapositiva 6: Definición de corridos
- Una balada al estilo tradicional mexicano, cuyas letras suelen narrar un evento histórico.
a. Pregunte a los estudiantes: ¿Se les ocurre alguna canción que tenga significado para ustedes o que resuene con cómo se sienten o piensan?
i. Pida a los estudiantes que compartan sus ideas. - Diapositiva 7: Los corridos se han utilizado desde la Revolución Mexicana y han adquirido popularidad de nuevo durante la colonización de lo que es ahora la frontera entre México y Estados Unidos (fuente 1) y de territorios adicionales del sur de Estados Unidos.
- Los corridos eran en su mayoría un género dominado por hombres, pero las mujeres han creado subgéneros propios, como los corridos coquetos.
a. Para profundizar más o dedicarle más tiempo: escucha la música de Belinda en “300 Noches” o “Cactus”, o incluso “X Ti” de Eydrey (ambas cantantes hablan sobre las perspectivas de las mujeres en las relaciones personales, el género y los temas feministas).
Diapositiva 8: Corridos populares de antes y de ahora
- La leyenda y la vida de Gregorio Cortés, quien luchó valientemente contra los Texas Rangers estadounidenses por la independencia de México y del pueblo mexicano. (Fuente para escuchar)
- Diapositiva 9: “La Jaula de Oro” by Los Tigres del Norte (Fuente al video)
a. Explica que el sueño “americano” no es lo que parece, y que uno termina sintiéndose cada vez más aislado de su cultura y su gente mientras vive en los Estados Unidos.
Revisión: “Conocer el pasado es conocer el presente. Conocer el presente es conocerse a uno mismo.” (diapositiva 10)
- Los países de Latinoamérica y personas de todas las identidades, orígenes y perspectivas han estado contando sus historias durante siglos por medio de los dichos, consejos, corridos y más.
- A veces, estas historias nos muestran dificultades, pero también pueden mostrarnos resiliencia.
- Como dice un dicho: “No hay mal que por bien no venga” → “Algo bueno puede resultar de las cosas malas/duras/difíciles.”
- Para finalizar: ¿Qué fue lo que más le impactó hoy? (Puede hacer una actividad de cierre, compartir en pareja o una discusión grupal).
Día 2 – Reflexiones: ¿Cómo pueden las historias enseñarnos sobre nosotros mismos y el mundo que nos rodea?
Revisar los conceptos de ayer: “Conocer el pasado es conocer el presente. Conocer el presente es conocerse a uno mismo” (diapositiva 11)
- Los países de Latinoamérica y las personas de todas las identidades, orígenes y perspectivas han estado contando sus historias durante los siglos por medio de dichos, consejos, corridos y más.
- A veces, estas historias nos muestran dificultades, pero también pueden mostrarnos resiliencia.
- Como dice un dicho: “No hay mal que por bien no venga” → “Good can always come out of bad/hard/difficult things.”
- Calentamiento: ¿Qué historias compartiste con tu familia o amigos entre ayer y hoy?
Tiempo de trabajo en clase: instrucciones para los estudiantes > “Hoy aprenderán un cuento de una niña y la perspectiva y las historias que ella carga.”
- Lee a solas y anota la historia de Alexandra Irrazabal en GCV.
- Rodea con un círculo las palabras que no conozcas.
- Subraya las frases que dicen quién es Alexandra: qué le gusta y sus cosas favoritas.
- Subraya las palabras o frases que describen el mundo que rodea a Alexandra.
Revisar: Con un compañero, comparta sus anotaciones y trabaje juntos en las preguntas de reflexión.
- Preguntas para la discusión en pareja (grabar o caminar por el aula durante este proceso)
1. Describe a Alexandra o el mundo que ella experimentó mientras lees su historia.
2. ¿Qué tienen en común todas las formas de narración actuales?
3. ¿De qué manera se diferencian todas las distintas formas de narración?
4. ¿Por qué es importante escuchar historias o perspectivas del mundo como la de Alexandra?
5. ¿Qué pueden aprender las personas al escuchar varias formas de narración de historias?
Tarea Opcional:
- Asignar a los estudiantes la tarea de grabar una historia oral y tomar apuntes mientras se narra el cuento.
i. El cuento trata del primer encuentro con sus padres o tutores. Los estudiantes entrevistarán a los padres o tutores sobre ese primer encuentro (nacimiento, adopción, etc.).
a. Preguntas:
i. ¿Cómo fue el período antes del encuentro?
ii. ¿Cómo estaba el clima?
iii. ¿Cómo te sentías?
iv. ¿Cómo era yo?
v. ¡Y más! Existen muchas preguntas para profundizar en la comprensión, y estas pueden ser específicas del curso, del contexto o incluso de la comunidad escolar.
Lista de recursos
- “Dichos, Pepitas de Sabiduría” www.texasstandard.org/stories/dichos-nuggets-of-wisdom
- “Dichos y Refranes: Un dicho para cada ocasión” www.mexperience.com/un-dicho-para-cada-ocasión
- “25 refranes mexicanos que necesitas en tu vida” www.poliglota.org/post/refranes-mexicanos
- “La narración de cuentos en los hogares mexicanos: conexiones entre las prácticas orales y la alfabetización” https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3614910
- “El Corrido: Una balada cultural de la experiencia mexicoamericana” www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/corridos
- “Américo Paredes, un héroe mexicano-americano” www.marfapublicradio.org/podcast/rambling-boy/2013-04-29/americo-paredes-a-mexican-american-hero
- “La Jaula de Oro” – Los Tigres del Norte https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jeBzqS_6WE
- Valores y principios del modelo currículo de los estudios étnicos liberados (7 C’s) https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cGOs7rsY9wT2qI-yIQh5dye8snRjGYxr/view
Unit 2 Resistance and Resilience – Art as Tool of Resistance
Time Frame
- 1–2 class periods
Materials
- Green Card Entrepreneur Voices – Dario Meija’s story
- Highlighters
- Pens/Pencils
- Slides
Connections to the 7 Cs of Ethnic Studies
- Challenge: imperialist/colonial hegemonic beliefs and practices on ideological, institutional, interpersonal, and internalized levels
- Critique: empire, white supremacy, anti-Blackness, anti-Indigeneity, racism, xenophobia, patriarchy, cisheteropatriarchy, capitalism, ableism, anthropocentrism, and other forms of power and oppression at the intersections of our society
Instructions (ICCR)
Day 1- Ignite: Intro/Warm-Up
Welcome, agenda, announcements, learning target (slide 1)
a. Warm-up Q: When was a time you overcame a fear or hardship?
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- Turn to a neighbor + share (2-4 minutes)
- Share out to the class; pick a few students to share (2-3 minutes)
b. Mental health: Today’s lesson discusses racism and experiences of exclusion within Latine communities. Some may personally connect to these experiences in different ways. Please take care of yourself; participate in ways that feel comfortable and respectful.
Chunk: Resistance and Resilience—Latinos Are NOT a Monolith
c. Vocabulary (slide 2)
i. Vocabulary: Monolithic Thinking
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- “the tendency to view cultures, experiences, and people from a single perspective”
- Oftentimes, people believe that all Latino/a/x people have the same culture, experiences, traditions or beliefs. But from country to country, and even within countries, Latino/a/x people are so different!
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ii. Vocabulary: Colorism
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- “prejudice or discrimination against individuals with a dark skin tone, typically among people of the same ethnic or racial group”
- Colorism is a form of racism, but many people don’t even recognize it as a phenomenon. Many Latin American countries suffer from it.
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d. Example: Latino/a/x are not a cultural monolithic group, even within one country!
i. Slide 3: Afro-Latinos: people with descendants from Africa
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- Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XmfL62xozI
- As students watch, have them think/answer: Explain how colorism has led to stereotypes and prejudice in Black Mexicans’ experience in Mexico.
- Pick two people to share with the class.
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ii. Slide 4: Indigenous people: native peoples to the land prior to European colonization
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- Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQ9Uwq5kXY8
- As students watch, have them think/answer: How does colorism impact the experience of indigenous peoples in Mexico?
- Pick two people to share with the class.
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iii. Puerto Rico is technically a US territory, but its rich cultural history makes it distinct from the rest of the United States. It also was impacted by colonization and slavery, leading to the erasure of many Taino people, those indigenous to the island.
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- Ask students: Let’s make a list of things you think of when you think of Puerto Rico. (Have students shout out their answers and write a list on the board; Bad Bunny is likely to appear on this list.)
- There may be lots of buzz around these ideas, but for many years, Puerto Rico has wanted to establish independence from the US—all the way back to the early 1900s.
- Today, even stars like Bad Bunny are calling attention to the ongoing issues that Puerto Rico faces, like environmental disasters due to climate change, the lasting effects of colonization and slavery, and the economic/social inequalities people face there, despite being a part of the “exceptional” US.
a. Play Bad Bunny’s “El Apagon – Aqui Vive Gente.” (Disclaimer: It does have swearing in Spanish, and maybe some explicit dancing. Watch to see what scenes are most appropriate for students prior to showing it.)
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iv. Slide 5: Art as a form of resistance and resilience
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- Places all around Latin America have resistance movements against colonization, imperialism, environmentalism, and more—many of these movements having solidarity with one another!
a. Ask students: How did Bad Bunny use art to call attention to what happens in Puerto Rico? (This could be your exit ticket, after which you continue with the next part tomorrow.) - Dance, music, attire, culinary arts, and more!
- “Notice how many of these experiences of resistance and resilience come from Black/African or Indigenous cultures.”
- Student work: Take a moment to look up a community concern in a Latin American country.
a. Write the concern.
b. Write about a group working to address concern.
c. Question: How are they using art or another form of emotional expression to further their movement?
- Places all around Latin America have resistance movements against colonization, imperialism, environmentalism, and more—many of these movements having solidarity with one another!
v. Recap: Latino/a/x are not a monolithic group, even within one country! (slide 6)
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- Even within Mexico, people come from all sorts of different racial and even cultural backgrounds. (Break text, new paragraph/line.) Now imagine we expand this map by thousands of more miles! (Insert map of Central and South America, including islands in Caribbean.)
Day 2 – Chew: Resistance and Resilience in our identities and intersectionality (slide 6)
e. Class work time instructions
- “So what happens when you have many identities—what do we do to honor all of them?”
f. Slide 7: Part 1: Pick a Partner
i. Read the story of Dario Meija (have them printed).
ii. Annotate Dario’s story.
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- Circle words you do not know.
- Highlight sections where Dario shares parts of his story that were hard/difficult for either him or his family.
- Underline sections where Dario shares parts of his story that honor his identities or bring him joy.
- Star sections that demonstrate identities (gender, culture, language, race, etc.).
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g. Slide 8: Part 2: World café
i. Assign five students to “host” at five table groups; pairs are split and asked to go to a table, then go to a new table every 7-9 minutes.
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- Table one question: What annotation stuck out to you—why did it impact you?
- Table two question: What are some ways Dario finds joy in his Ecuadorian identity?
- Table three question: How does Dario’s cultural and racial identity impact his work?
- Table four question: Why does Dario share his story?
- Table five question: In what ways does Dario demonstrate resilience?
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Review: Large Group Whipshare Discussion (or can expand it, if time allows) (slide 9)
h. What can resistance and resilience look like? (Use context from any material today or the conversations had during the world café activity.)
Multilingual and ELL Supports
- Provide English sentence stems to help students contribute to the conversation about colorism, stereotypes, and prejudices.
- Enable captions on video (in English and/or home language).
- Allow students to think about their answers by writing them in their home language first prior to teacher questions during the lesson (chunk), and while sharing annotations and reflection questions with a partner.
- Allow students to read Dario’s story in their home language.
- Allow students to annotate in their home language.
Vocabulary and Definitions
- Cultural monolith: a culture that follows a single perspective, experience, or person
- Colorism: preferential treatment of people of the same race based on the lightness of their skin tone
- Stereotype: a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing
- Prejudice: an unfair/unreasonable opinion, attitude, or emotion toward a person or group that is not based on reason, fact, or actual experience
- Discrimination: unfair or unequal treatment of people based on personal identities like race, gender, sexuality, religion, age, ability, class, and more
- Racism: a form of discrimination against someone’s race through the acceptance of negative stereotypes and emotion; can lead to violence
- Resistance: defining oneself against or challenging dominant structures within society
- Resilience: the ability of people or communities to adapt, withstand, or recover from difficult situations; best practiced when it is done in community or collectively rather than individually
Resource List
- Contextual resources for further learning on topics of colonization in Latin America https://latino.si.edu/learn/latino-history-and-culture/latino-history/early-latino-history, https://timemaps.com/civilizations/latin-america-the-colonial-era
- Contextual resources for further learning on the Spanish Caste system www.indigenousmexico.org/articles/understanding-the-mexican-casta-system-a-historical-and-cultural-perspective
- Contextual resources for further learning on anti-Blackness in Latin America https://bookshop.org/p/books/racial-innocence-unmasking-latino-anti-black-bias-and-the-struggle-for-equality-tanya-kater-hern-ndez/8232518903b7c4be?ean=9780807020135&next=t&, https://www.abfe.org/blog/confronting-colorism-and-anti-blackness-latinx-community
- Contextual resources for indigenous erasure in Latin America www.oah.org/process/arena-indigenous-caribbean www.researchgate.net/publication/393269447_Latin_American_Mestizaje_A_Tool_to_Erase_the_Indigenous
- “Diversity Matters: Dismantling Monolithic Thinking to Create an Inclusive Work Environment” www.culture-principles.com/diversity-matters-dismantling-monolithic-thinking-to-create-an-inclusive-work-environment
- “Resistencia Afroamericana: La Historia de Yanga” www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIqLzOtzFp4
- Further learning for capoeira, a Brazilian martial art/dance form www.upr.org/arts-and-culture/2016-08-30/roots-of-brazil-the-martial-art-form-capoeira-is-preserving-history-and-tradition
- Further learning for mole https://laroussecocina.mx/palabra/mole
- www.gob.mx/inpi/articulos/conoce-la-maravillosa-historia-del-mole
- “Colombia: Top Local Music That Reflects the South American Country’s Culture and Tradition” www.latinpost.com/articles/154478/20220315/colombia-top-local-music-reflects-south-american-culture-tradition.htm
- “‘If You Is White, You’s Alright. . . .’ Stories About Colorism in America” https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1547&context=law_globalstudies
- Dictionary definition, “racism, bias, and discrimination” www.apa.org/topics/racism-bias-discrimination
- Liberated Ethnic Studies Model Curriculum Values and Principles (7 Cs) https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cGOs7rsY9wT2qI-yIQh5dye8snRjGYxr/view
Unit 1 Identity and Language: Identity Through Stories
Time Frame
- 1–2 class periods
Materials
- Green Card Youth Voices: Immigration Stories from a Minneapolis High School – Alexandra Irrazabal’s story and video
- Slides
Connections to the 7 Cs of Ethnic Studies
- Cultivate: learning about how Mexican and Latino history, people, and language provide opportunities for identity affirmation and healing
- Celebrate: using Mexican and Latino counter-stories and community narratives through storytelling
Instruction (ICCR)
Day 1 – Ignite: Intro/Warm-Up
Welcome, agenda, announcements, learning target (slide 1)
a. Warm-Up Question: When was the last time you were told a story? What was the story about?
i. Write in a notebook! (2-3 minutes)
ii. Turn to a neighbor and share (2-4 minutes)
iii. Share out to the class; pick a few students to share (2-3 minutes)
Chunk: Understanding Stories
b. Stories as a sense of self + the world around us (slide 2)
i. “To know the past is to know the present. To know the present is to know yourself.” —Jason Reynolds + Ibram X. Kendi (Stamped)
ii. Mental health disclaimer/advisory: “Today’s lesson discusses migration, hardship, identity and experiences from non-dominant communities. Some students may personally connect to these experiences in different ways. Please take care of yourself; participate in ways that feel comfortable.”
c. Vocabulary + examples of stories (slide 3)
i. Vocabulary: Stories
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- What is your definition of a story? Write it down! (Give students 2 minutes to think and write.)
- Definition: an account of past events in someone’s life or in the evolution of something.
a. Does your definition match up with the definition on the board? (Call on some students to share.) - Let’s make a definition together. (Find commonalities within the definitions and come up with a definition as a class; use that for their notes, if taking.)
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ii. Vocabulary: Oral Storytelling (slide 4, same header as “b”)
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- the collection and study of historical information using sound recordings of interviews with people having personal knowledge of past events
a. What do you think makes this different from written stories? (Have students share with a partner, then walk around the room asking groups to share with you. Return to front of class and share what you heard + any additional input. Also a good time to share something a shyer, quieter student said and give them their flowers.)
- the collection and study of historical information using sound recordings of interviews with people having personal knowledge of past events
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d. Keeping stories and language alive: Dichos (source 1, source 2, source 3) y corridos (slide 5)
i. Dichos have been used in Mexican and Latino communities for centuries.
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- They provide a form of expression or advice for all kinds of situations
- Example: “el que se lo guarda para alrato, se lo come el gato.” → translates to: If you save it for later, there’s no guarantee it’ll be there.”
- Ask students to shout out “sayings” used in their families (not on slide).
a. If time allows, research some common dichos or sayings and post them around the room. Students can have a gallery walk, noting some of the sayings or dichos their families might use. Create a table on a graphic organizer or model drawing one out for students with one saying they’ve heard before, one they’ve never seen, and one they found interesting.
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ii. Slide 5: w/ evidence of study (source 1) (ask student to read aloud for class)
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- The sharing of stories and narratives, dichos (sayings) and consejos (advice) is a prominent experience among families in Mexico as well as among immigrant Mexican families in the United States. An opportunity for entertainment and enjoyment, the retelling of family stories and folktales also serves to build family bonds, share cultural values, and construct identity. The sharing of narratives, particularly narratives of poverty and struggle, is associated with resiliency and empowerment, serving to support parents in their interactions with school and advocacy for their children (Delgado-Gaitan, 2005).
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iii. Slide 6: Corridos defined
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- a ballad in a traditional Mexican style, typically having lyrics that narrate a historical event.
a. Ask students: Can you think of a song that means something to you or resonates with how you feel or think?
i. Ask students to share out. - Slide 7: Corridos have been used since the Mexican Revolution, and regained popularity during the colonization of what is now the Mexican-American border (source 1) and additional southern US lands.
- Corridos were mostly a male-dominated genre, but women have since created subgenres of their own, such as coquette corridos.
a. For deeper diving or more time: check out Belinda’s music in “300 Noches” or “Cactus” or even Eydrey’s “X Ti” (both singers talk about women’s perspectives in relationships, gender, and feminist themes.)
- a ballad in a traditional Mexican style, typically having lyrics that narrate a historical event.
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iv. Slide 8: Popular corridos then and now
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- (missing image) The legend and life of Gregorio Cortez, who bravely fought against American Texas Rangers for the independence of Mexico and Mexican peoples. (source to listen to)
- Slide 9: “La Jaula de Oro” by Los Tigres del Norte (source to video)
a. Explains that the “American” dream is not what it seems, and one ends up feeling more and more isolated from their culture and people while living in America.
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e. Review: “To know the past is to know the present. To know the present is to know yourself.” (slide 10)
i. Latin American countries and people of all identities, backgrounds, and perspectives have been telling their stories for centuries through dichos, consejos, corridos, and more.
ii. Sometimes these stories show us hardship, but they can also show us resilience.
iii. As a dicho says: “No hay mal que por bien no venga” → “Good can always come out of bad/hard/difficult things.”
iv. Close out: What resonated with you the most today? (Feel free to do an exit ticket, pair/share, or even a whipshare large group discussion.)
Day 2 – Chew: How Can Stories Teach Us About Ourselves and the World Around Us? (slide 11)
f. Review concepts from yesterday: “To know the past is to know the present. To know the present is to know yourself.”
i. Latin American countries and people of all identities, backgrounds, and perspectives have been telling their stories for centuries through dichos, consejos, corridos, and more.
ii. Sometimes these stories show us hardship, but it can also show us resilience.
iii. As a dicho says: “No hay mal que por bien no venga” → “Good can always come out of bad/hard/difficult things.”
iv. Warm-up: What stories did you share with your family or friends between yesterday and today?
g. Class work time: instructions for students > “Today you will learn a story about a girl and the perspective and stories she carries with her.”
i. On your own, read + annotate the GCV story of Alexandra Irrazabal.
ii. Circle words you do not know.
iii. Underline phrases that describe who Alexandra is—what she enjoys, her favorite things, etc.
iv. Highlight words/phrases that demonstrate the world around Alexandra.
Review: With a partner, share your annotations + work on reflection questions together
v. Partner Discussion Questions (record or walk around during this)
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- Describe Alexandra or the world she experienced as you read her story.
- What do all the forms of storytelling today share?
- In what ways do all the forms of storytelling differ?
- Why is it important to hear stories or worldviews like Alexandra’s?
- What can people learn from listening to various forms of storytelling?
Optional: Homework
- Students will be assigned to record an oral history and jot notes as the story is told.
i. The story is about the first time their parents or guardian met them. Students will interview parents or guardians about the first time they met (birth, adoption, etc.).
a. Questions:
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- What was it like leading up to the “meet-up”?
- What was the weather like?
- How were you feeling?
- What was I like?
- And more! There are so many other questions to further deepen understanding, and these can be specific to the course, context, or even school community.
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Resource List
- “Dichos, Nuggets of Wisdom” www.texasstandard.org/stories/dichos-nuggets-of-wisdom
- “Dichos y Refranes: A Saying For Every Occasion” www.mexperience.com/a-saying-for-every-occasion
- “25 refranes mexicanos que necesitas en tu vida” www.poliglota.org/post/refranes-mexicanos
- “Storytelling in Mexican Homes: Connections Between Oral and Literacy Practices” https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3614910
- “The Corrido: A Cultural Ballad of the Mexican-American Experience” www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/corridos
- “Américo Paredes, a Mexican-American Hero” www.marfapublicradio.org/podcast/rambling-boy/2013-04-29/americo-paredes-a-mexican-american-hero
- “La Jaula de Oro” by Los Tigres del Norte https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jeBzqS_6WE
- Liberated Ethnic Studies Model Curriculum Values and Principles (7 Cs) https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cGOs7rsY9wT2qI-yIQh5dye8snRjGYxr/view
Unit 2: Resilience and Resistance – Hmong Resilience and Resistance
Time Frame
- 1–2 class periods
Materials
- Hmong Politicians Profile Assignment worksheet
- Green Card Entrepreneur Voices – Bo Thao-Urabe’s story
- Hmong Town Marketplace and Hmong Village images
Connections to the 7 Cs of Ethnic Studies
- Celebrate: using Hmong counter-stories and community narratives through storytelling
- Challenge: understanding how Hmong individuals and organizations contribute toward action, organizing, advocating, and healing in their local communities
Instruction (ICCR)
Ignite: Qualities for Success
- Display on the board an image of either Hmong Village or Hmongtown Marketplace in St. Paul, Minnesota.
- As students are looking at the visual, share with them:
- Hmong immigrants arrived in the US with nothing more than the clothes on their backs and simple pots and pans. Look at the bustling marketplace on the screen, and think of what qualities are needed for survival and success.
Turn and Talk
Ask students to brainstorm with an elbow partner what three qualities (bravery, hard work, etc.) they would need to survive and eventually open a store like the image on the screen, if they had to move to a new country with no knowledge of the language and no money.
- Ask a few students to share out loud with the class.
Chunk: Resilience
Acknowledgement: This was the shared journey for many Hmong Americans. There are other Hmong narratives that may contrast this one, such as Hmong Chinese, Hmong Laos, Hmong Vietnam, and other groups with their own different experiences. Some may have fought along with the communists or with the Pathet Lao for their own survival or by choice. Similarly, not all Hmong followed the refugee journey or chose to migrate to the United States, as many chose to remain in Laos and Thailand, and some even migrated to different countries throughout the world. This lesson will focus mainly on the shared experience of Hmong Americans.
Explain that the Hmong were an ethnic minority group from China. Throughout history, the Chinese and Hmong fought many wars against each other over land and resources. Eventually, Hmong fled China into Southeast Asia. In Laos, the CIA recruited the Hmong to help fight against communism and the Pathet Lao during the Secret War. They were recruited due to the Hmong being familiar with the land; many joined out of necessity to survive during wartime. When the US withdrew from the Vietnam War, they also abandoned the Hmong in Laos. The Hmong faced persecution and genocide by the Pathet Lao and had to fend for themselves in the jungles of Laos.
The journey to get across the Mekong River to Thailand was in itself a journey of resilience. The Hmong had to hide in the jungle, forage for food, travel in groups, and often move under the cover of the night sky to evade the Pathet Lao. Along the way, some had to abandon personal belongings, some had to leave behind family members, some elders had to be carried, some crying babies were drugged with opium to keep them silent when the enemy was nearby, and some babies did not make it. It was their mental and physical resilience that helped them to reach the river and to cross it into Thailand to gain their freedom. (Background Information)
- Resilience is the ability to get through an incredibly hard time and keep going.
- Quick Check-In: What is one example of how the Hmong showed resilience?
- The Hmong had to hide, travel at night, and look out for each other in the jungle to reach safety across the Mekong River.
Chunk: Resistance and Power
Transition from history to community, by introducing the clan system and political representation. Explain how Minnesota is home to over 90,000 Hmong immigrants, with St. Paul being the largest urban concentration in the US.
Cultural strength
- Explain how the clan system is a strength for the Hmong. Use a team analogy to help explain a clan; if one member of your team wants to start a business, everyone on the team pitches in to help.
- Turn and Talk: Who is a part of your clan, or “team,” or the people you can always count on?
- Connection to Resistance: Explain to the students that resistance doesn’t always mean fighting, and can also mean organizing to make sure your people or community have a voice and receive fair treatment.
Politics
- For a long time, the Hmong community in MN did not have anyone in city or state government who understood their history or culture. Hmong lacked political representation until Mee Moua came along in 2002. Mee Moua was the first elected Hmong state senator.
- Not only did she use her voice to make sure Hmong were heard, she also opened the door for Foung Hawj and others to follow, attracting Hmong Americans to participate in politics.
Chew: Bo Thao-Urabe’s Story
- Provide an excerpt from “Bo Thao-Urabe” from Green Card Entrepreneur Voices, pages 11–12.
- Have students read the passage of Bo’s experience with creating positive changes.
Group Task
- Paragraph and Summary: One partner reads a paragraph; the other summarizes the paragraph in 5 words. Switch halfway through the reading.
- Discuss and Analyze:
- Recall: What challenges did Bo face when she was growing up?
- Sentence Starter: Bo faced the challenge of . . .
- Concept: How did Bo use her resilience to help her start her own projects?
- Sentence Starter: Bo showed resilience by _____________; this helped her because ___________.
- Connect: How does Bo’s story show resistance, using her power to create a positive change for others?
- Sentence Starter: Her work created change for the community by __________.
- Recall: What challenges did Bo face when she was growing up?
Optional Extension Assignment: Hmong Politicians Profile Assignment
- Create a list of Hmong politicians; have students pick one to research and complete a worksheet on.
- Possible politicians: Kaohly Her, Fue Lee, Jay Xiong, Nelsie Yang, Samantha Vang, Mai Xiong, Susan Pha, etc.
- See the worksheet.
Review: Exit Ticket
Have students fill in the blank to answer this question prompt: “The Hmong community united together and drew on their strength of ______________________ to challenge ____________________, and created a lasting change by _____________________.”
Multilingual and ELL Support
- Provide a graphic organizer for the Hmong politician profile assignment.
- Provide sentence stems for reflection questions:
- A quality one would need is _______ because . . .
- I noticed that . . .
- I think / I believe Hmong American Day is important / not important because . . .
- I think many Hmong became interested/involved in politics because . . .
- We can celebrate / critique _______________ because . . .
Vocabulary and Definitions
- System: the organized way of doing something based on the way it was set up and meant to work
- Resilience: the ability to bounce back after a tough experience or time
- Clan system: a large extended family connected by both a shared last name and shared ancestors
- Change: the process of something becoming different than what it was before
- Politician: a person elected to help run a government and make decisions for the city, state, or country
- Entrepreneur: a person who starts their own business or projects to help solve a problem or provide goods or services
Resource List
- Green Card Entrepreneur Voices – Bo Thao-Urabe’s story
- Hmong Town Marketplace and Hmong Village images
- Secret War in Laos www.cvmuseum.com/explore/the-secret-war
- Liberated Ethnic Studies Model Curriculum Values and Principles (7 Cs) https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cGOs7rsY9wT2qI-yIQh5dye8snRjGYxr/view
2 Kawm Txog: Kev Muaj Peev Xwm thiab Kev Tiv Thaiv/Kev Tawm Tsam – Hmoob Kev Muaj Peev Xwm thiab Kev Tiv Thaiv/Kev Tawm Tsam
Sij Hawm Qhia
- 1–2 hnub thaum chav kawm sib ntsib
Cov Khoom Siv
- Green Card Entrepreneur Voices – Bo Thao-Urabe zaj dab neeg story thiab video
- Hmoob Khw Tshav Puam Qub thiab Hmoob Tshav Puam Tshiab (Zos Hmoob) images
- Daim ntawv Hmoob Kev Peev Xwm thiab Kev Tiv Thaiv/Kev Tawm Tsam
- Daim ntawv taug kev saib duab worksheet
Connections to the 7 Cs of Ethnic Studies
- Ua kev zoo siab: siv cov dab neeg Hmoob thiab pej xeem Hmoob cov dab neeg los piav dab neeg
- Kev tsis yooj yim: nkag siab tias pej xeem Hmoob thiab koom haum tau txhawb lawv lub zej zog li cas rau sab kev tawm suab, kev tawm tswv yim, thiab kev kho siab kho ntsws
Txheej Txheem Qhia
Taws: Cov qauv rau Kev Ua Tau Zoo/Kev Vam Meej
- Tso ib daim duab khw tshav puam qub los sis tshiab hauv St. Paul, Minnesota
- Thaum cov tub ntxhais kawm saib daim duab, qhia lawv tias:
- Thawj cov Hmoob tawg rog tuaj txog hauv Minnesota thaum 1975. Lawv tuaj txog ces tsis muaj nyiaj ntau, tsis paub lus Askiv, tsis muaj credit dab tsi li, tsuas yog nqa tau cov khaub ncaws lawv muaj thiab tej lub twj taig xwb. Cov kwv tshawb fawb kwv yees tias Hmoob yuav noj nyiaj nom tswv pab nkaus nkaus xwb ib phau dhau ib phau. Hnub no, zej zog Hmoob tau siv nyiaj txiag txhawb lag luam hauv Minnesota, xws li Tshav Puam Qub thiab Tshab Puam Tshiab (Zos Hmoob), nrog rau lwm cov lag luam Hmoob, khw muag khoom thiab khw noj mov nyob thoob ob lub nroog ntxaib no.
Tig thiab Tham
Hais kom cov tub ntxhais nrog tus khub ntawm ib sab tawm tswm yim tias ib lub zej zog yuav tsum muaj dab tsi thiaj li tiv dhau ib kob tsov rog, tsiv teb tsaws chaw mus rau ib lub teb chaws tshiab, thiab tsuas siv tsib caug xyoo los tsim tau lag luam ruaj khov ntawm tes los.
- Hais kom ob peb tug tub ntxhais kawm qhia lawv cov tswv yim rau sawv daws.
Phua: Kev Muaj Peev Xwm
Lees paub: No yog ib qhov kev taug rau coob tus Hmoob Meskas. Lwm cov Hmoob dab neeg/kev taug kuj txwv cov Hmoob Meskas, xws li cov Hmoob Suav, Hmoob Nplog, Hmoob Nyab Laj, thiab lwm haiv neeg. Tej zaum ib txhia kuj tau tawm tsam/ koom tes nrog cov Nyab Laj Liab los sis cov tub rog Nplog kom lawv muaj sia nyob los sis yeej txaus siab koom nrog lawv. Ib yam li ntawd, txhua txhua tus Hmoob tsis taug txoj kev ua neeg tawg rog los sis tuaj nyob Asmesliskas; coob tus kuj txiav txim siab nyob Nplog Teb thiab Thaib Teb; ib txhia khiav mus nyob lwm cov teb chaws thoob lub ntiaj teb no. Kev kawm hnub no yuav kawm txog cov dab neeg/ kev taug ntawm cov Hmoob Meskas.
Qhia: Hmoob yog ib haiv neeg pawg tsawg nyob hauv Suav Teb tuaj. Hauv keeb kwm ntau xyoo dhau los, cov neeg Suav thiab Hmoob tau sib ntaus sib tua txeeb av thiab peev txheej. Thaum kawg, Hmoob tsiv Suav Teb los mus nyob Sov Choj/ Sab Qab Teb Chaws Esxias. Hauv Nplog Teb, Meskas CIA tuaj rub Hmoob mus pab tua cov Nyab Laj Liab thiab cov tub rog Nplog thaum muaj Kob Tsov Rog Qab Rooj/Kob Tsov Rog Zais. Hmoob raug xaiv thiab rub mus ua tub rog vim lawv paub thaj av zoo; coob tus mus ua tub rog vim kom tsis txom nyem/muaj sia thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov rog. Thaum Asmesliskas khiav tawm tsis tua Kob Tsov Rog Nyab Laj, lawv kuj tso cov Hmoob tseg hauv Nplog Teb. Cov Hmoob tau ntsib kev tsim txom thiab raug cov tub rog Nplog tua; lawv yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej hauv tej hav zoov hauv Nplog Teb.
Txoj kev khiav hla tus Dej Nab Khoom los rau Thaib Teb yog ib txoj kev qhia tias Hmoob muaj peev xwm. Cov Hmoob yuav tsum tau nkaum hauv hav zoov, nrhiav zaub mov noj, khiav ua ib pawg, thiab feem ntau ces khiav thaum tsaus ntuj kom dim cov tub rog Nplog. Lub sij hawm thaum lawv khiav ces ib txhia yuav tau tso tseg lawv tej khoom, ib txhia yuav tau tso lawv tsev neeg tseg, ib co yuav tsum tau ev cov laus, ib co me nyuam quaj taug raug noj tshuaj yeeb kom txhob quaj kom ntsiag to thaum yeeb ncuab nyob ze, thiab ib co me nyuam tau tuag vim noj yeeb ntau dhau lawm los sis txhaum yeeb. Hmoob lub siab tawv thiab lub cev peem tiag tiag lawv thiaj los txog tus dej, thiab hla daj mus rau Thaib Teb kom muaj kev ywj pheej. (Ntaub Ntawv Keeb Kwm Background Information)
- Kev muaj peev xwm yog ib yam los pab tus kheej kom peem kom dhau lub sij hawm nyuaj
- Nug cov tub ntxhais: Ib yam piv txwv tias Hmoob muaj peev xwm yog dab tsi?
- Cov Hmoob yauv tau nkaum, khiav thaum tsaus ntuj, thiab saib xyuas txhua tus zoo zoo kom mus txog tus Dej Nab Khoom.
Phua: Kev Tiv Thaiv/Kev Tawm Tsam thiab Fwj Chim
Dhau ntawm keeb kwm los mus rau lub zej zog, ces qhia txog Hmoob kev sib txheeb thiab kev nom tswv. Qhia tias Minnesota yog vaj yog tsev rau ntau tshaj 90,000 tus Hmoob, uas St. Paul yog lub nroog muaj Hmoob nyob ntau tshaj plaws hauv Asmesliskas.
Lub zog ntawm Kab Lis Kev Cai
- Qhia tias kev sib txheeb/tsev kwv tij (clan system) yog ib yam muaj zog rau Hmoob. Siv ib pab pawg los piv txwv qhia txog qhov kev sib txheeb; piv txwv tias yog koj ib tug phooj ywg xav pib ib lub lag luam, ces txhua tus phooj ywg txhawb nws.
- Tig thiab Tham: Leej twg yog ib feem hauv koj tsev kwv tij, los sis “pab pawg”, los sis cov neeg uas koj ntseeg thiab tso siab tau?
- Txuas rau Kev Tiv Thaiv/Tawm Tsam: Qhia rau cov tub ntxhais tias kev tiv thaiv/tawm tsam tsis yog yuav sib ntaus/sib tua tas li, nws kuj txhais tau tias rub yus tsev neeg/ tsev kwv tij los sis lub zej zog los ua ke kom muaj suab thiab tau txais kev ncaj ncees.
Kev Nom Tswv
- Tau ntau xyoo, lub zej zog Hmoob hauv MN tsis muaj leej twg sawv cev hauv nroog los sis hauv tsoom fwv Meskas uas nkag siab txog lawv li keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai. Hmoob tsis muaj ib tug nom tswv sawv cev rau lawv ua ntej Mim Muas (Mee Moua) los khiav ua hauj lwm hauv tsoom fwv thaum 2002. Mim Muas yog thawj tug Hmoob raug xaiv los yog ib tug sawv cev rau lub xeev MN.
- Tsis yog tias nws siv nws lub suab los txhawb Hmoob xwb, nws yog ib tug qauv qhib tau qhov rooj rau Foom Hawj thiab lwm tus taug nws txog lwg, txhawb siab rau cov Hmoob Meskas kom nyiam txog kev khiav ua nom ua tswv.
Zom: Bo Thao-Urabe zaj dab neeg
- Saib daib yeeb yaj kiab “Bo Thao-Urabe” los ntawm Green Card Entrepreneur Voices,
Pab Pawg Sib Tham/Sib Qhia Tswv Yim
- Saib: Saib daim yeeb yaj kiab ua ke
- Sib tham: Bo zaj dab neeg Hmoob Meskas yog ib yam yuav ua kev zoo siab tau li cas? Dab tsi ua rau Bo muaj siab pab lwm tus? Bo xub yog ib tug neeg ua lag luam tau li cas, thiab nws tau ntsib tej teeb meem zoo li cas?
- Tshuaj xyuas kev muaj peev xw: Bo txoj kev peev xwm pab nws dhau los yog ib tug neeg vam meej rau kev ua lag luam li cas? Nws tau tawm tsam cov cai nom tswv tsim li cas?
Zom: Taug Kev Saib Duab
Los peb taug kev saib duab thiab tshuaj xyuas tej yam uas Hmoob Meskas tau peem dhau los. Yuav muaj plaub lub ntsiab lus/tswv yim qhia tias Hmoob tau muaj peev xwm thiab kev tiv thaiv, los ntawm kev siv lawv lub suab thiab tawm tsam kom muaj kev hloov pauv li lawv xav tau.
Tsim ib co ntawv rau txhua ntsiab lus/tswv yim hauv qab. Hais kom cov tub ntxhais ua ib pab pawg sib pab hloov nyeem cov ntawv thiab sau teb cov lus nug hauv daim ntawv txog lub ntsiab lus/tswv yim ntawd. Thaum xaus, kom tub ntxhais yuav teb cov lus nug nco txog kev kawm.
Tawm tsam rau Qub Tub Rog Hmoob cov Kev Pab Cuam (Kare11, Sahan Journal)
- System: Txawm tias cov tub rog Hmoob raug rub ua tub rog los ntawm Meskas CIA, nom tswv Meskas yeej tsis tau lees txais tias lawv yog tub rog Meskas thiab tsis tau muab kev pab cuam rau cov tub rog.
- Kev Tiv Thaiv/Kev Tawm Tsam: Cov qub tub rog Hmoob tau koom nrog kev tawm tsam los tau ntau xyoo, tawm tsam hauv D.C., thiab tuaj yeem hnav khaub ncaws tub rog tawm rooj koom cov koob tsheej hauv zej zog kom pom tias Hmoob yeej tau ua tub rog rau Kob Tsov Rog Qab Rooj/ Kob Tsov Rog Zais.
- Kev Hloov Pauv: Tawm tias cov qub tub rog Hmoob tsis tau txais cov kev pab cuam li Asmesliskas cov tub rog los, Congress tsa ib txoj cai hu ua Hmong Veterans’ Naturalization Act of 2000, ua kom yooj yim zog rau cov qub tub rog Hmoob kom tau xeem xaj Meskas. Thaum 2026, MN yog thawj lub xeev tsa txoj cai uas lees thiab muab suab npe rau cov qub tub rog Hmoob uas tau tua Kob Tsov Rog Qab Rooj/ Kob Tsov Rog Zais hauv Nplog Teb.
Hmoob Hnub (Pioneer Press, NBC Bay Area)
- System: Hmoob tau tuaj nyob rau hauv California, Minnesota, thiab Wisconsin txij thaum 1975. Tiam sis, coob tus tsis pom Hmoob nyob hauv tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv los sis lwm qhov hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Tsis tas li xwb, coob tus Meskas tseem tsis tau paub txog tias Hmoob yog leej twg thiab keeb kwm Hmoob, thiab coob tus tseem nug tias vim li cas cov Hmoob ho tuaj nyob hauv Asmesliskas.
- Kev Tiv Thaiv/Kev Tawm Tsam: Hmoob tiv thaiv/ tawm tsam rau lawv tus kheej thiab siv lawv lub suab kom tau kev ncaij ncees. Hmoob pib qhia lawv zaj dab neeg thiab qhia lawv kab lis kev cai thaum muaj xwm txheej tseem ceeb thiab muaj koom txoos, xws li tuav Hmoob Tshiab Peb Caug thiab tuav kev sib tw kis laj loj.
- Kev Hloov Pauv: Thaum 2013, Minnesota Governor Mark Dayton tau tshaj tawm tias lub Tsib Hlis 14 yog Hmoob Asmesliskas/Meskas Hnub; ces lwm lub xeev tau ua raws li thiab. Hnub no ces yog los hwm keeb kwm Hmoob, kab lis kev cai, thiab kev tau pab Asmesliskas, qhia lub zej zog txog Hmoob, thiab ua kev zoo siab rau Hmoob kev peev xwm thiab txhua yam zoo Hmoob tau ua.
Tiv Thaiv / Tawm Tsam Kev Kawm (Hmong American Charter Schools, HCPA)
- System: Tsev kawm ntawv qhia lus Askiv nkaus xwb ua rau ntau tus Hmoob tso tseg kev kawm thaum 1990s, thiab tseem tsis muaj ntaub ntawv txog/pom Hmoob los sis Hmoob kab lis kev cai tsis muaj feem hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Hmoob ntshaw kom lawv hom lus thiab kab lis kev cai muaj feem qhia hauv tsev kawm ntawv.
- Kev Thiv Thaiv/Kev Tawm Tsam: Cov niam txiv thiab thawj coj Hmoob tau teeb tsa thiab tsim ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv Hmoob charter uas yuav los qhia Hmoob lus thiab kab lis kev cai, muaj xib fwb Hmoob, thiab muaj noj zaub mov Hmoob rau pluas su.
- Kev Hloov Pauv: Minnesota yog lub hauv paus muaj cov tsev kawm ntawv Hmoob charter ntau ntau, xws li Hope Community Academy, Hmong College Prep Academy, Noble Academy, thiab New Millennium, nrog rau cov chav siv lus Hmoob los qhia. Saint Paul Public Schools yog thawj lub koog tsev kawm ntawv hauv lub xeev MN uas tsim tau ib qho kev pab cuam qhia ob hom lus, Hmoob thiab Askis.
Cov Nom Tswv Hmoob (MinnPost, MPR, Pioneer Press)
- System: Cov nom tswv (Meskas) feem ntau tsis quav ntsej txog cov neeg Esxias, tshwj xeeb ces yog Hmoob, vim Hmoob tsis nkag siab thiab tsis koom nrog kev nom tswv.
- Kev Thiv Thaiv/Kev Tawm Tsam: Cov thawj coj Hmoob nkag siab tias yog xav kom nom tswv Meskas hnov lawv lub suab, lawv yuav tsum zaum saum rooj sib tham nrog cov nom tswv. Ces cov thawj coj Hmoob thiaj li maj mam pib sib tw khiav ua nom tswv, pib nrog pawg thawj coj saib xyuas tsev kawm ntawv thiab chaw ua hauj lwm hauv lub xeev.
- Kev Hloov Pauv: Cov thawj coj Hmoob hauv nroog ntxaib tau kawm paub yuav ua li cas thiaj khiav tau kev pab cuam thiab kev sib tw khiav ua nom txwv hauv zej zog. Ntau tus nom tswv Hmoob thoob plaws hauv California, Minnesota, thiab Wisconsin tau raug xaiv los ua city council members, state representatives, state senators, thiab tseem tau ua mayors (Kaohly Her, Jay Xiong, Fue Lee, Samantha Vang, Nelsie Yang, etc.).
Cov Lus Nug Txog Kev Xav/ Kev Sib Tham
- Koj pom tias muaj kev sib txuas los sis cov qauv dab tsi rau plaub lub ntsiab lus/tswv yim no, thiab cov kev paub tam sim no ntawm cov Hmoob Asmesliskas?
- Koj xav tias Hmoob Hnub puas tseem ceeb? Vim li cas ho tseem ceeb? Vim li cas ho tsis tseem ceeb?
- Kev tsim cov tsev kawm ntawv Hmoob charter tau hloov pauv/cuam tshuam cov tsev kawm ntawv Meskas/pej xeem hauv lub nroog ntxaib li cas?
- Koj xav tias vim li cas ntau tus Hmoob ho khiav ua nom tswv/koom ua nom tswv?
- Plaub lus ntsiab lus/tswv yim no tau cuam tshuam/hloov pauv li cas rau zej zog?
- Peb ua kev zoo siab los sis tib/thuam plaub lub ntsiab lus/tswv yim no li cas?
Saib Dua: Daim Pib Tawm
Hais kom cov tub ntxhais sau rau kab lus no kom meej/kom yog: “Zej zog Hmoob sib koom tes ua ke thiab siv _______ los tawm tsam __________, thiab tsim tau kev hloov los ntawm ______.”
Kev Pab Cov Tub Ntxhais Hais Ntau Hom Lus thiab Kawm Lus Askiv
- Muab cov kab lus pib los pab cov tub ntxhais teb nus lug:
- Kuv pom tias ____.
- Kuv ntseeg tias Hmoob Hnub tseem ceeb/ tsis tseem ceeb vim _____.
- Kuv xav tias tej zaum coob tus Hmoob nyiam khiav ua nom ua tswv vim _____.
- Peb ua kev zoo siab rau ___ vim ___./ Peb tib ___ vim ___.
Ntsiab Lus thiab Txhais Li Cas
- System: ib qho txheej txeem qhia tias yuav ua li cas vim yeej ua tseg li ntawd los thiaj ua hauj lwm zoo
- Kev peev xwm: muaj cuab kav sawv thiab peem kom dhau tej kev nyuaj/ sij haum nyuaj
- Tsev Kwv Tij: ib tsev neeg loj uas muaj sib txheeb los ntawm lub xeem thiab poj koob yawm txwv
- Kev hloov pauv: txoj kev uas hloov/ras ua yam tshiab
- Tus neeg ua nom tswv: ib tug neeg uas raug xaiv tsa los khiav hauj lwm hauv tsoom fwv thiab xaiv cai los rau lub nroog, lub xeev, los sis lub teb chaws
- Tus neeg ua lag luam: ib tug neeg uas pib thiab khiav nws lub lag luam/ hauj lwm los pab lwm tus daws teeb meem los sis tsim tej khoom/kev pab cuam rau neeg siv
Teev Cov Khoom Siv
- Hla Dej Nab Khoom Paj Ntaub www.lchshistory.org/hmong-story-cloths
- Green Card Entrepreneur Voices – Bo Thao-Urabe zaj dab neeg story thiab yeeb yaj kiab video
- Ntaub ntawv txog Kob Tsov Rog Qab Rooj/ Kob Tsov Rog Zais, Chippewa Valley Museum-Hmong in Eau Claire Secret War, www.cvmuseum.com/explore/the-secret-war
- Meskas CIA, cov Hmoob thiab Kob Tsov Rog Qab Rooj/ Kob Tsov Rog Zais www.mnvietnam.org/story/the-cia-the-hmong-and-the-secret-war/index.html
- Tsev Kwv Tij (Clan System) https://geriatrics.stanford.edu/ethnomed/ethno-med/hmong/hmong-american/introduction/family.html
- Cov Nom Tswv Hmoob
- MinnPost www.minnpost.com/mnopedia/2015/03/landmark-election-mee-moua
- MPR www.mprnews.org/story/2025/05/28/former-minnesota-lawmaker-cy-thao-paved-the-way-for-hmong-politicians
- Pioneer Press www.twincities.com/1991/11/06/hmong-woman-elected-to-st-paul-school-board
- Tiv Thaiv Kev Kawm
- Hmong American Charter Schools https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1195&context=jsaaea
- HCPA www.hcpak12.org/aboutus/district-history/hcpa-history
- Hmoob Hnub
- Pioneer Press www.twincities.com/2013/05/09/first-hmong-american-day-taking-place-sunday-at-community-center
- NBC Bay Area www.nbcbayarea.com/celebrating-aapi-heritage/may-14-hmong-american-day
- Tawm tsam rau Qub Tub Rog Hmoob cov Kev Pab Cuam
- Kare11 www.kare11.com/article/news/local/breaking-the-news/mn-house-passes-bill-to-recognize-hmong-and-lao-veterans-who-served-in-secret-war
- Sahan Journal https://sahanjournal.com/immigration/minnesota-senate-legislature-hmong-war-veterans-bill
- Liberated Ethnic Studies Model Curriculum Values and Principles (7 Cs) https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cGOs7rsY9wT2qI-yIQh5dye8snRjGYxr/view
2 Kawm Txog: Kev Muaj Peev Xwm thiab Kev Tiv Thaiv/Kev Tawm Tsam – Hmoob Kev Muaj Peev Xwm thiab Kev Tiv Thaiv/Kev Tawm Tsam
Sij Hawm Qhia
- 1–2 hnub thaum chav kawm sib ntsib
Cov Khoom Siv
- Daim ntawv qhia txog Hmoob Cov Nom Tswv
- Green Card Entrepreneur Voices – Bo Thao-Urabe’s story
- Hmoob Khw Tshav Puam Qub thiab Hmoob Tshav Puam Tshiab (Zos Hmoob) images
Connections to the 7 Cs of Ethnic Studies
- Ua kev zoo siab: siv cov dab neeg Hmoob thiab pej xeem Hmoob cov dab neeg los piav dab neeg
- Kev tsis yooj yim: nkag siab tias pej xeem Hmoob thiab koom haum tau txhawb lawv lub zej zog li cas rau sab kev tawm suab, kev tawm tswv yim, thiab kev kho siab kho ntsws
Txheej Txheem Qhia
Taws: Cov qauv rau Kev Ua Tau Zoo/Kev Vam Meej
- Tso ib daim duab khw tshav puam qub los sis tshiab hauv St. Paul, Minnesota
- Thaum cov tub ntxhais kawm saib daim duab, nug lawv tias:
- Thaum cov Hmoob tawg rog tuaj txog hauv Asmesliskas, lawv nqa tsis tau dab tsi tuaj nrog lawv, tsuas yog nqa tau cov khaub ncaws lawv muaj thiab tej lub twj taig xwb. Saib daim duab khw tshav puam uas muag ntau yam thiab muaj neeg coob coob no, xav seb yuav tsum muaj yam dab tsi thiaj li yuav pab tau kom hais neeg ciaj sia thiab vam meej.
Tig thiab Tham
Hais kom cov tub ntxhais nrog tus khub ntawm ib sab tawm peb lub tswm yim (kev muaj peev xwm, kev rau siab ua hauj lwm, lwm yam ntxiv) uas lawv yuav tsum muaj thiaj li ciaj sia thiab qhib tau ib lub khw li daim duab, yog tias lawv tau tsiv mus nyob ib lub teb chaws tshiab uas lawv tsis paub cov lus hais ntawd thiab tsis muaj nyiaj.
- Hais kom ob peb tug tub ntxhais kawm qhia lawv cov tswv yim rau sawv daws.
Phua: Kev Muaj Peev Xwm
Lees paub: No yog ib qhov kev taug rau coob tus Hmoob Meskas. Lwm cov Hmoob dab neeg/kev taug kuj txwv cov Hmoob Meskas, xws li cov Hmoob Suav, Hmoob Nplog, Hmoob Nyab Laj, thiab lwm haiv neeg. Tej zaum ib txhia kuj tau tawm tsam/ koom tes nrog cov Nyab Laj Liab los sis cov tub rog Nplog kom lawv muaj sia nyob los sis yeej txaus siab koom nrog lawv. Ib yam li ntawd, txhua txhua tus Hmoob tsis taug txoj kev ua neeg tawg rog los sis tuaj nyob Asmesliskas; coob tus kuj txiav txim siab nyob Nplog Teb thiab Thaib Teb; ib txhia khiav mus nyob lwm cov teb chaws thoob lub ntiaj teb no. Kev kawm hnub no yuav kawm txog cov dab neeg/ kev taug ntawm cov Hmoob Meskas.
Qhia: Hmoob yog ib haiv neeg pawg tsawg nyob hauv Suav Teb tuaj. Hauv keeb kwm ntau xyoo dhau los, cov neeg Suav thiab Hmoob tau sib ntaus sib tua txeeb av thiab peev txheej. Thaum kawg, Hmoob tsiv Suav Teb los mus nyob Sov Choj/ Sab Qab Teb Chaws Esxias. Hauv Nplog Teb, Meskas CIA tuaj rub Hmoob mus pab tua cov Nyab Laj Liab thiab cov tub rog Nplog thaum muaj Kob Tsov Rog Qab Rooj/Kob Tsov Rog Zais. Hmoob raug xaiv thiab rub mus ua tub rog vim lawv paub thaj av zoo; coob tus mus ua tub rog vim kom tsis txom nyem/muaj sia thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov rog. Thaum Asmesliskas khiav tawm tsis tua Kob Tsov Rog Nyab Laj, lawv kuj tso cov Hmoob tseg hauv Nplog Teb. Cov Hmoob tau ntsib kev tsim txom thiab raug cov tub rog Nplog tua; lawv yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej hauv tej hav zoov hauv Nplog Teb.
Txoj kev khiav hla tus Dej Nab Khoom los rau Thaib Teb yog ib txoj kev qhia tias Hmoob muaj peev xwm. Cov Hmoob yuav tsum tau nkaum hauv hav zoov, nrhiav zaub mov noj, khiav ua ib pawg, thiab feem ntau ces khiav thaum tsaus ntuj kom dim cov tub rog Nplog. Lub sij hawm thaum lawv khiav ces ib txhia yuav tau tso tseg lawv tej khoom, ib txhia yuav tau tso lawv tsev neeg tseg, ib co yuav tsum tau ev cov laus, ib co me nyuam quaj taug raug noj tshuaj yeeb kom txhob quaj kom ntsiag to thaum yeeb ncuab nyob ze, thiab ib co me nyuam tau tuag vim noj yeeb ntau dhau lawm los sis txhaum yeeb. Hmoob lub siab tawv thiab lub cev peem tiag tiag lawv thiaj los txog tus dej, thiab hla daj mus rau Thaib Teb kom muaj kev ywj pheej. (Ntaub Ntawv Keeb Kwm Background Information)
- Kev muaj peev xwm yog ib yam los pab tus kheej kom peem kom dhau lub sij hawm nyuaj
- Nug cov tub ntxhais: Ib yam piv txwv tias Hmoob muaj peev xwm yog dab tsi?
- Cov Hmoob yauv tau nkaum, khiav thaum tsaus ntuj, thiab saib xyuas txhua tus zoo zoo kom mus txog tus Dej Nab Khoom.
Phua: Kev Tiv Thaiv/Kev Tawm Tsam thiab Fwj Chim
Dhau ntawm keeb kwm los mus rau lub zej zog, ces qhia txog Hmoob kev sib txheeb thiab kev nom tswv. Qhia tias Minnesota yog vaj yog tsev rau ntau tshaj 90,000 tus Hmoob, uas St. Paul yog lub nroog muaj Hmoob nyob ntau tshaj plaws hauv Asmesliskas.
Lub zog ntawm Kab Lis Kev Cai
- Qhia tias kev sib txheeb/tsev kwv tij (clan system) yog ib yam muaj zog rau Hmoob. Siv ib pab pawg los piv txwv qhia txog qhov kev sib txheeb; piv txwv tias yog koj ib tug phooj ywg xav pib ib lub lag luam, ces txhua tus phooj ywg txhawb nws.
- Tig thiab Tham: Leej twg yog ib feem hauv koj tsev kwv tij, los sis “pab pawg”, los sis cov neeg uas koj ntseeg thiab tso siab tau?
- Txuas rau Kev Tiv Thaiv/Kev Tawm Tsam: Qhia rau cov tub ntxhais tias kev tiv thaiv/tawm tsam tsis yog yuav sib ntaus/sib tua tas li, nws kuj txhais tau tias rub yus tsev neeg/ tsev kwv tij los sis lub zej zog los ua ke kom muaj suab thiab tau txais kev ncaj ncees.
Kev Nom Tswv
- Tau ntau xyoo, lub zej zog Hmoob hauv MN tsis muaj leej twg sawv cev hauv nroog los sis hauv tsoom fwv Meskas uas nkag siab txog lawv li keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai. Hmoob tsis muaj ib tug nom tswv sawv cev rau lawv ua ntej Mim Muas (Mee Moua) los khiav ua hauj lwm hauv tsoom fwv thaum 2002. Mim Muas yog thawj tug Hmoob raug xaiv los yog ib tug sawv cev rau lub xeev MN.
- Tsis yog tias nws siv nws lub suab los txhawb Hmoob xwb, nws yog ib tug qauv qhib tau qhov rooj rau Foom Hawj thiab lwm tus taug nws txog lwg, txhawb siab rau cov Hmoob Meskas kom nyiam txog kev khiav ua nom ua tswv.
Zom: Bo Thao-Urabe zaj dab neeg
- Muab ib ntu dab neeg ntawm “Bo Thao-Urabe” los ntawm Green Card Entrepreneur Voices, nploog 11–12 los rau cov tub ntxhais.
- Hais kom cov tub ntxhais nyeem zaj dab neeg txog Bo lub neej uas tau tsim tej kev zoo
Pab Pawg Sib Tham/Sib Qhia Tswv Yim
- Nqe Lus thiab Rov Qhia Dua: Ib tug khub nyeem zaj dab neeg; ib tug khub siv 5 lo lus los rov qhia zaj dab neeg dua. Thaum nyeem txog ib nrab, ces ob leeg sib hloov.
- Tham thiab tshuaj xyuas:
- Rov nco thiab tham txog: Bo tau ntsib tej kev nyuaj dab tsi thaum nws tseem yau?
- Kab lus pib: Bo tau ntsib ____./ Ib yam kev nyuaj Bo tau ntsib yog_____.
- Lub tswv yim: Bo siv nws kev peev xwm los pab nws pib nws cov hauj lwm li cas?
- Kab lub pib: Bo siv nws kev peev xwm los ntawm ______. Qhov no pab nws vim ________.
- Txuas: Bo zaj dab neeg qhia txog kev tiv thaiv/kev tawm tsam li cas, xws li thaum nws siv nws lub fwj chim los tsim tej kev zoo rau lwm tus?
- Kab lus pib: Nws cov hauj lwm tau tsim kev hloov pauv rau lub zej zog los ntawm ____.
- Rov nco thiab tham txog: Bo tau ntsib tej kev nyuaj dab tsi thaum nws tseem yau?
Kawm Ntxiv: Daim ntawv qhia txog Hmoob Cov Nom Tswv
- Sau cov Hmoob nom tswv npe; hais cov tub ntxhais xaiv ib tug los tshawb fawb thiab sau txog rau ib daim ntawv.
- Piv txwv: Nkauj Lig Hawj (Kaohly Her), Fwm Lis (Fue Lee), Ntses Xyooj (Jay Xiong), Nelsie Yaj (Nelsie Yang), Samantha Vaj (Samantha Vang), Maiv Xyooj (Mai Xiong), Susan Pha, etc.
- Saib daim ntawv sau.
Saib Dua: Daim Pib Tawm
Hais kom cov tub ntxhais sau rau kab lus no kom meej/kom yog: “Zej zog Hmoob sib koom tes ua ke thiab siv _______ los tawm tsam __________, thiab tsim tau kev hloov los ntawm ______.”
Kev Pab Cov Tub Ntxhais Hais Ntau Hom Lus thiab Kawm Lus Askiv
- Siv ib daim ntawv teev/sau txog cov nom tswv Hmoob.
- Muab cov kab lus pib los pab cov tub ntxhais teb nus lug:
- Ib qho qauv zoo ib tug neeg yuav tsum muaj yog ____ vim _____.
- Kuv pom tias ____.
- Kuv ntseeg tias Hmoob Hnub tseem ceeb/ tsis tseem ceeb vim _____.
- Kuv xav tias tej zaum coob tus Hmoob nyiam khiav ua nom ua tswv vim _____.
- Peb ua kev zoo siab rau ___ vim ___./ Peb tib ___ vim ___.
Ntsiab Lus thiab Txhais Li Cas
- System: ib qho txheej txheem qhia tias yuav ua li cas vim yeej ua tseg li ntawd los thiaj ua hauj lwm zoo
- Kev peev xwm: muaj cuab kav sawv thiab peem kom dhau tej kev nyuaj/ sij haum nyuaj
- Tsev Kwv Tij: ib tsev neeg loj uas muaj sib txheeb los ntawm lub xeem thiab poj koob yawm txwv
- Kev hloov pauv: txoj kev uas hloov/ras ua yam tshiab
- Tus neeg ua nom tswv: ib tug neeg uas raug xaiv tsa los khiav hauj lwm hauv tsoom fwv thiab xaiv cai los rau lub nroog, lub xeev, los sis lub teb chaws
- Tus neeg ua lag luam: ib tug neeg uas pib thiab khiav nws lub lag luam/ hauj lwm los pab lwm tus daws teeb meem los sis tsim tej khoom/kev pab cuam rau neeg siv
Teev Cov Khoom Siv
- Green Card Entrepreneur Voices – Bo Thao-Urabe zaj dab neeg story
- Hmoob Khw Tshav Puam Qub thiab Hmoob Tshav Puam Tshiab (Zos Hmoob) cov duab (images)
- Kob Tsov Rog Qab Rooj/Kob Tsov Rog Zais hauv Nplog Teb www.cvmuseum.com/explore/the-secret-war
- Liberated Ethnic Studies Model Curriculum Values and Principles (7 Cs) https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cGOs7rsY9wT2qI-yIQh5dye8snRjGYxr/view